1. Weather Basics Temperature Pressure Moisture

2. Temperature

3. Diurnal Temperature: Why?

4. Lag time varies, Phoenix Zoo

5. Global Pattern Warm Lower Latitudes Cold Mtns Cold Higher Latitudes Cold Currents

6. Classroom Resource Global pattern shows warmer in lower latitudes; colder in higher latitudes

7. Why Latitude Temp Differences?

8. Seasonal Changes: more with higher latitudes and warmth follows the sun

10. Temperature Differences Create Climate Zones

12. Why San Diego “even” climate and Phoenix more “extreme”?

15. Cold and Warm currents influence temperature THINK San Diego vs Phoenix

16. Classroom Resources Can see continentality in these movies (bigger changes in temperature between winter and summer in the middle of North America

17. East Coasts: Warm Water

20. Pressure

29. Classroom Resource: Sea Breeze as example of pressure gradient

30. Cold Air Drainage

34. Most intense closest to poles because greatest difference in speed of rotation

35. Classroom Resources

36. Online Resource Atmospheric Pressure and Wind Animations http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/ visualization/collections/atmospheric_pres sure.html

37. Coriolis Effect impacts more than atmosphere and oceans

38. Geostrophic Wind

40. Combination of all 3

41. Effect of Friction: cross the isobars

42. Classroom Resource

47. Divergence at surface generates uplift and cloud formation

48. Opposite in So. Hemisphere

50. Global Patterns of Pressure Drive Earth’s Climates: Example of Asian Monsoon Winter High Pressure Siberia. Air flow from Siberia (dry air) outward

51. Winter Dry Summer Wet

52. Then, in summer, winds reverse

53. Monsoon (singular) is a seasonal wind shift

54. Indus Floods Before After

55. Before

56. Arizona (Mexican) Monsoon: Wind shift from westerly winds

57. To easterly winds

58. Season shift in wind brings trpoical moisture from east and south

59. Mexican Monsoon, as reflected by percentage of rain in summer

61. Moisture at mid-levels generates weaker storms

62. Lower-level moisture often comes from the gulf, giving sudden surge of moisture

63. Combination of mid and low level moisture generates stronger storms

64. July – mid September (storms not Monsoons)

66. Classroom Resource: Movie showing global patterns in water vapor Dark – little water vapor Bright: lots of water vapor

76. Example of Condensation by Adding Moisture: Lake Effect Snows

77. Example of Condensation by Cooling: Advection Fog

79. Advection Fog Common over Cold Currents

80. California Cold Current produces fog

81. Example of Condensation by Cooling: Air Goes Up & Cools

82. Can go up by convergence

83. Cloud Types

84. Vertical Development: Cumulus

85. More horizontal flow: Stratus

86. Online Resource

87. Need to get large enough to drop out

89. Classroom Resource: Precipitation in the U.S. throughout the year Watch Arizona in monsoon months (wetter) Watch Pacific Northwest in winter (wetter)

90. Global Pattern of Precipitation More around equator Less in subtropics More around latitude 50 Seasonal shifts (summer monsoon in low laittudes; winter storms in higher latitudes)

91. Another way of thinking about moisture: Air Masses

92. Classroom Resources Can see outbreaks of Continental Polar air in movie Can see Arizona develop Continental Tropical Air mass in June

93. Global Air Masses

94. Online Resources Atmosphere Animations http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/colle ctions/atmosphere.html Atmospheric Heating Animations http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/colle ctions/atmospheric_heating.html Moisture Animations http://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/visualization/colle ctions/moisture.html

95. Imagery seen in this presentation is courtesy of Ron Dorn and other ASU colleagues, students and colleagues in other academic departments, individual illustrations in scholarly journals such as Science and Nature, scholarly societies such as the Association of American Geographers, city, state governments, other countries government websites and U.S. government agencies such as NASA, USGS, NRCS, Library of Congress, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service USAID and NOAA.