1. ASY (Asymmetry Parameter) or asymmetry factor

2. Aerosol forcing (natural + anthropogenic)

3. Clear-sky aerosol forcing (natural + anthropogenic)

4. South Asian haze and monsoon rainfall in India and the Sahel Chul Eddy Chung and V. Ramanathan Center for Cloud, Chemistry and Climate (C 4 ) Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla, California, USA (published in 2006 J. Climate)

5. Anthropogenic Aerosol Radiative Forcing during January-March (1996-1999)

6. Drying in India

8. Precipitation change

9. S. Asian haze effects 1951-2002 observed trend 1951-2002 observed trend 1985-2002 observed trend Greenhouse gas effects

10. Conclusions 1.Observations show that SSTs in the equatorial Indian Ocean have warmed by about 0.6 to 0.8 K since the 1950s, accompanied by very little warming or even a slight cooling trend over the northern Indian Ocean. The SST meridional gradient in N. Indian has been weakened in summer. 2.The weakening of the meridional SST gradient in N. Indian Ocean alone leads to a large decrease in Indian rainfall during summer months, ranging from 2 to 3 mm/day (CCM3 experiments). The SST weakening also enhances rainfall in sub-Saharan Africa. 3.The SST gradient change in this basin is likely due to anthropogenic aerosols in South Asia and the Indian Ocean. 4.The overall S. Asian haze effects (SST gradient change + aerosol radiative forcing) in CCM3 still produce drought in Indian and excess rainfall in Sahel. 5.It is thus implicated that the South Asian haze has mitigated the Sahel desiccation considerably.

11. S. Asian aerosols and Arabian cyclone 1 Amato T. Evan, 2 J. P Kossin, 3 Chul Eddy Chung, 4 V. Ramananathan 1 University of Virginia, Charlottesville VA 2 NOAA’s, National Climatic Data Center, Asheville, NC 3 Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, South Korea 4 Scripps Institute of Oceanography, San Diego, CA (To appear as a letter in Nature in November)

12. May-June cyclones Genesis points (circles) and tracks (solid lines) are of pre-monsoon tropical cyclones during the period 1979–2010.

13. Strongest Arabian sea cyclones in the last 30 years. Cyclone Name Year LMI (m s -1 ) Landfall Location Loss of life Total Affected Damages (Million 2011 USD) 03A199854Gujarat India2871 643 02A199957 Karachi Pakistan 682576,63642 01A200157Gujarat IndiaNone Gonu200775 Muscat Oman & Ras Al Kuh Iran 88180,0094203 Phet201064 Muscat Oman &Karachi Pakistan 3940001845

14. Distributions of pre- and post-monsoon LMI and storm- ambient vertical wind shear

15. 30-year trends in pre-monsoon SST and vertical wind shear