1. Slide 1 Richard T. Schaefer 1 st Edition Slide 1 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. chapter four Sociology in Modules Socialization and the Life Course

2. Slide 2 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Module 13: The Role of Socialization Module 14: The Self and Socialization through the Life CourseModule 14: The Self and Socialization through the Life Course Module 15: Agents of Socialization Socialization and the Life Course 4

3. Slide 3 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. █ How does socialization help us behave properly? A Look Ahead █ In what ways does socialization aid in the transmission of culture? █ How does socialization help shape our self image?

4. Slide 4 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Role of Socialization █ Socialization: Lifelong process in which people learn appropriate attitudes, values, and behaviors █ Nature vs. nurture Module 13

5. Slide 5 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Social Environment: The Impact of Isolation █ Interaction of heredity and environment shape human development –Isabelle and Genie: Two Cases Importance of earliest socialization experiences for children –Primate Studies Harlow showed isolation had damaging effect on monkeys Module 13

6. Slide 6 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 13-1: Genie’s Sketch Module 13

7. Slide 7 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Influence of Heredity █ Minnesota Twin Family Study –Twins have similar intelligence test scores when reared apart in roughly similar social settings –Different scores when reared in different social settings Module 13

8. Slide 8 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Self and Socialization █ Self: Distinct identity that sets us apart from others The self is not a static phenomenon It continues to develop and change Module 14

9. Slide 9 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cooley: Looking-Glass Self █ View of ourselves comes from contemplation of personal qualities and impressions of how others perceive us Looking-glass self: The self is product of social interactions with other people Module 14

10. Slide 10 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Mead: Stages of the Self █ Preparatory Stage: Children imitate people around them –As they grow older, children become more adept at using symbols Module 14

11. Slide 11 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Mead: Stages of the Self █ Play Stage: Children develop skill in communicating through symbols and role taking occurs –Role taking: Process of mentally assuming perspective of another and responding from that imagined viewpoint Module 14

12. Slide 12 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Mead: Stages of the Self █ Game Stage: Children of about 8 or 9 consider several actual tasks and relationships simultaneously Module 14 -Mead used the game of baseball as an example of this stage

13. Slide 13 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Mead: Stages of the Self █ Generalized others: Children of about 10 begin to take the attitudes, viewpoints, and expectations of society as a whole into account.

14. Slide 14 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Mead: Theory of the Self █ Self begins as privileged, central position in a person’s world █ As the person matures, the self changes and begins to reflect greater concern about reactions of others Significant others: Individuals most important in the development of the self Module 14

15. Slide 15 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 14-1: Mead’s Stages of the Self Module 14

16. Slide 16 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Goffman: Presentation of the Self █ Impression management: Individual learns to slant presentation of self to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences –Also known as dramaturgical approach Face-work: Need to maintain proper image of self to continue social interaction Module 14

17. Slide 17 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychological Approaches to the Self █ Freud –Self is a social product –Natural impulsive instincts in constant conflict with societal constraints –Personality influenced by others (especially one’s parents) –Self has components that work in opposition to each other Art to come Module 14

18. Slide 18 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Psychological Approaches to the Self █ Piaget –Emphasized stages that humans progress through as the self develops –Cognitive theory of development: four stages in development of children’s thought processes Social interaction key to development Module 14

19. Slide 19 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 14-2: Theoretical Approaches to Development of the Self Module 14

20. Slide 20 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Sociology on Campus █ Impression Management by Students –How do you react to those who have received higher or lower grades than you? Do you engage in impression management? How would you like others to react to your grades? –What social norms govern students’ impression management strategies? Module 14

21. Slide 21 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Life Course █ Rites of Passage: Means of dramatizing and validating changes in a person’s status █ Life Course Approach: Looking closely at social factors that influence people throughout their lives Most difficult socialization challenges occur in later years Module 14

22. Slide 22 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization █ Anticipatory socialization: Person “rehearses” future occupations and social relationships █ Resocialization: Discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones during transitions in one’s life Module 14

23. Slide 23 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization █ Total institution: Regulates all aspects of a person’s life under a single authority Degradation ceremony: Ritual where individual becomes secondary and rather invisible in overbearing social environment Module 14

24. Slide 24 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 14-3: Milestones in the Transition to Adulthood Module 14

25. Slide 25 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Agents of Socialization █ Family █ Cultural Influences █ The Impact of Race and Gender Gender roles: Expectations regarding proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females Module 15

26. Slide 26 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Agents of Socialization █ School –Teaches values and customs of larger society –Traditionally socialized children into conventional gender roles █ Peer Group –As children grow older, peer groups increasingly assume role of Mead’s significant others Module 15

27. Slide 27 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Agents of Socialization █ Mass Media and Technology –Technology socializes families into multitasking as social norm –68% of U.S. children have television in their bedrooms –Nearly half of youths ages 8 to 18 use the Internet every day Module 15

28. Slide 28 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Agents of Socialization █ Workplace –Learning to behave appropriately within occupational setting is a fundamental aspect of human socialization █ Religion and State –Government and organized religion impact life course by reinstituting some rites of passage Module 15

29. Slide 29 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Table 15-1: High School Popularity Module 15

30. Slide 30 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 15-1: The New Normal: Internet at Home Module 15

31. Slide 31 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Research Today █ Online Socializing: A New Agent of Socialization –Do you list your “friends” on an online social networking site? If so, what is your motivation for doing so? –Do you think the advantages of online social networking outweigh the disadvantages? Module 15

32. Slide 32 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Research Today █ Rum springa: Raising Children Amish Style –Do you or anyone you know come from a subculture that rejects mainstream American culture? If so, describe the community’s norms and values. –Why do you think so many Amish youths return to their families’ way of life after rebelling against it? Module 15

33. Slide 33 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Child Care Around the World –In the U.S., 73% of employed mothers depend on others to care for their children –30% of mothers who aren’t employed have regular care arrangements Module 15

34. Slide 34 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Child Care Around the World █ Looking at the Issue –Researchers found high quality child-care centers do not adversely affect socialization of children –Few in U.S. can afford to have a parent stay at home  Finding the right kind of day care is challenging Module 15

35. Slide 35 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Child Care Around the World █ Applying Sociology –Interactionists favor studies assessing quality of child care outside of home; microlevel of analysis –Conflict perspective notes child care costs are burden for lower-class families –Feminist perspective questions low status and wages of day-care workers Module 15

36. Slide 36 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Child Care Around the World █ Initiating Policy –Policies vary throughout the world –When policymakers decide child care is desirable, must determine degree taxpayers subsidize it Module 15

37. Slide 37 © 2011 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Figure 15-2: Child Care Costs in Industrial Nations Module 15