2. Vowel Acoustics November 2, 2012

3. Some Announcements Mid-terms will be back on Monday… Today: more resonance + the acoustics of vowels Also on Monday: identifying vowels from spectrograms.

4. Back at the Ranch Last time, we learned about resonance: when one physical object is set in motion by the vibrations of another object. In speech, the vocal tract resonates in response to… the periodic vibrations of the vocal folds. We can envision a resonating sound wave as a standing wave…

5. A Minor Disaster The pressure waves of sound can set up standing waves in objects, too. Check out the Mythbusters video online: www.youtube.com/watch?v=PMg_nd-O688

6. Resonant Frequencies This is important: a standing wave can only be set up in a tube if pressure pulses are emitted from the loudspeaker at the right frequency. What is the right frequency? That depends on: how fast the sound wave travels through the tube how long the tube is Basically: the longer the tube, the lower the frequency Why?

7. Establishing Resonance A new pressure pulse should be emitted right when: the first pressure peak has traveled all the way down the length of the tube and come back to the loudspeaker.

8. Establishing Resonance The longer the tube, the longer you need to wait for the pressure peak to travel the length of the tube.  longer period between pressure pulses  lower frequency F0  F0 

9. Making the Leap First: let’s check out the pop bottle demo To relate resonance to speech, we need to add two elements to the theory: 1.It is possible for sound waves of more than one frequency to resonate in a tube at the same time. 2.The vocal tract is a tube that is open at one end (the mouth)… so it behaves a little differently from a closed tube.

10. Higher Resonances It is actually possible to set up more than one standing wave in a tube at the same time. First Resonance Second Resonance In a closed tube, the second resonance frequency will be exactly twice as high as the first.

11. First Resonance Time 1: initial impulse is sent down the tube Time 2: initial impulse bounces at end of tube Time 3: impulse returns to other end and is reinforced by a new impulse Resonant period = Time 3 - Time 1 Time 4: reinforced impulse travels back to far end

12. Second Resonance Time 1: initial impulse is sent down the tube Time 2: initial impulse bounces at end of tube + second impulse is sent down tube Time 3: initial impulse returns and is reinforced; second impulse bounces Time 4: initial impulse re-bounces; second impulse returns and is reinforced Resonant period = Time 2 - Time 1

13. Different Patterns This is all fine and dandy, but speech doesn’t really involve closed tubes. Think of the vocal tract as a tube with: one open end a sound pulse source at the closed end (the vibrating glottis) The vocal tract will vibrate in response to the sound pulses… at the particular frequencies that will set up standing waves down its length.

14. Just So You Know A weird fact about nature: When a sound pressure peak hits the open end of a tube, it doesn’t get reflected back. Instead, there is an “anti-reflection”. The pressure disperses into the open air, and... A sound rarefaction gets sucked back into the tube.

15. Open Tubes, part 1

16. Open Tubes, part 2

17. Open Tube Resonances Standing waves in an open tube will look like this: 1st Resonance Frequency: F1 tube length 2nd Resonance Frequency: F2 = 3 * F1 3rd Resonance Frequency: F3 = 5 * F1

18. An Evenly Spaced Spectrogram Go to Praat and check out: My neutral vowel

19. My “Open Tube” Vowel formants

20. Spectral Analysis: Vowels Remember: Fourier’s theorem breaks down any complex sound wave (e.g., speech) into its component sinewaves. For each component sinewave (harmonic), this analysis shows us: its frequency its amplitude (intensity) In vowels: resonating harmonics have higher intensity other harmonics will be damped (have lower intensity)

21. A Vowel Spectrum Note: F0  160 Hz F1 F2 F3 F4

22. Different Vowels, Different Formants The formant frequencies of resemble the resonant frequencies of a tube that is open at one end. For the average man (like Peter Ladefoged or me): F1 = 500 Hz F2 = 1500 Hz F3 = 2500 Hz However, we can change the shape of the vocal tract to get different resonant frequencies. Vowels may be defined in terms of their characteristic resonant frequencies (formants).

23. Artificial Examples The characteristic resonant frequencies (formants) of the “corner” vowels: “[i]” “[u]” “ ”

24. Real Vowels

26. What we need to worry about There are 8 contrastive monophthong vowels in Canadian English: 1.[i]“heed” 2.“hid”cap-i 3.“head” 4.[æ]“had”ash 5.“hod” / “hawed” 6.“hud”wedge 7.“hood”upsilon 8.[u]“who’ed”

27. More Vowels There are also five diphthongs: 1.“bayed” 2.“bode” 3.“bide” 4.“bowed” 5.“Boyd” Diphthongs change vowel qualities within a syllable Each of these vowels/diphthongs has characteristic resonant frequencies (i.e., formants)… which are related to their articulatory properties.

28. Vowel Articulations We learned (a long time ago) that vowels are articulated with characteristic tongue and lip shapes

29. Vowel Dimensions For this reason, vowels have traditionally been described according to four pseudo-articulatory parameters: 1.Height (of tongue) 2.Front/Back (of tongue) 3.Rounding (of lips) 4.Tense/Lax = distance from center of vowel space.

30. The Vowel Space

31. Vowel Acoustics But it turns out that we can get to the same chart a different way... Vowels are primarily distinguished by their first two formant frequencies: F1 and F2 F1 corresponds to vowel height: lower F1 = higher vowel higher F1 = lower vowel F2 corresponds to front/backness: higher F2 = fronter vowel lower F2 = backer vowel

32. Reality Check Let’s check out the formant values for Bruce Hayes’ vowels in Praat. And plot them on the board.

33. Things to Keep in Mind Resonant frequencies (formants) are primarily based on the length of the speaker’s vocal tract. (the length of the open tube) The longer the vocal tract, the lower the formant frequencies. Thought Question #1: What effect might lip rounding have on formant frequencies?

34. Things to Keep in Mind Thought Question #2: How might formant frequencies differ between men and women?

35. [i] [u] [æ]

36. [i][u] [æ]

38. Women and Men The acoustics of male and female vowels differ reliably along two different dimensions: 1.Sound Source 2.Sound Filter Source--F0: depends on length of vocal folds shorter in women  higher average F0 longer in men  lower average F0 Filter--Formants: depend on length of vocal tract shorter in women  higher formant frequencies longer in men  lower formant frequencies

39. Prototypical Voices Andre the Giant: (very) low F0, low formant frequencies Goldie Hawn: high F0, high formant frequencies

40. F0/Formant mismatches The fact that source and filter characteristics are independent of each other… means that there can sometimes be source and filter “mismatches” in men and women. What would high F0 combined with low formant frequencies sound like? Answer: Julia Child.

41. F0/Formant mismatches Another high F0, low formants example: Roy Forbes, of Roy’s Record Room (on CKUA 93.7 FM) The opposite mis-match = Popeye: low F0, high formant frequencies

42. In Praat Check out: Andre Goldie Julia Popeye Low-to-high F0 Pitch Shifting

43. In Conclusion Everybody’s vowel space is different. A vowel space is defined by a speaker’s range of first formant (F1) and second formant (F2) frequencies. We identify vowels on the basis of the patterns formed by their formants within that acoustic space. F1 determines the height of vowels. F2 determines the front/backness of vowels. Questions?