1. Chapter 7
Advanced SQL
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, Sixth Edition, Rob and Coronel

2. In this chapter, you will learn:
About the relational set operators UNION, UNION ALL, INTERSECT, and MINUS
How to use the advanced SQL JOIN operator syntax
About the different types of subqueries and correlated queries
How to use SQL functions to manipulate dates, strings, and other data
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

3. In this chapter, you will learn: (continued)
How to create and use updatable views
How to create and use triggers and stored procedures
How to create embedded SQL
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

4. UNION Query Result
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

5. UNION ALL Query Result
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6. INTERSECT Query Result
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7. MINUS Query Results
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

8. INTERSECT Alternative
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

9. MINUS Alternative
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10. SQL Join Expression Styles
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

11. NATURAL JOIN Result
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12. JOIN USING Result
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

13. JOIN ON Result
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

14. Outer Joins
Returns not only rows matching join condition but also rows with unmatched values
Three types:
Left
Right
Full
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

15. LEFT JOIN Result
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

16. RIGHT JOIN Result
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

17. FULL JOIN Result
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

18. SELECT Subquery Examples
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19. WHERE Subquery Examples
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20. IN Subquery Example
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21. HAVING Subquery Example
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22. Multirow Subquery Operator Example
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

23. FROM Subquery Example
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24. Inline Subquery Example
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25. Correlated Subquery Examples
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

26. EXISTS Correlated Subquery Examples
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

27. Selected MS Access/SQL Server Date/Time Functions
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

28. Selected Oracle Date/Time Functions
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

29. Selected Oracle Date/Time Functions (continued)
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

30. Selected Oracle Numeric Functions
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

31. Selected Oracle String Functions
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32. Selected Oracle Conversion Functions
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33. Selected Oracle Conversion Functions (continued)
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

34. Oracle Sequence
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35. Oracle Sequence Examples
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36. The PRODMASTER and PRODSALES Tables
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

37. The Oracle UPDATE Error Message
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

38. Creating an Updatable View in Oracle
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

39. PRODMASTER Table Update, Using an Updatable View
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

40. Anonymous PL/SQL Block Examples
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

41. SHOW ERRORS Can help diagnose errors found in PL/SQL blocks
Yields additional debugging information whenever an error is generated after an PL/SQL block is created or executed
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

42. Anonymous PL/SQL Block with Variables and Loops
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

43. PL/SQL Basic Data Types
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

44. The PRODUCT Table
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

45. Creating the TRG_PRODUCT_REORDER Trigger
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

46. Verifying the TRG_PRODUCT_REORDER Trigger Execution
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

47. The P_REORDER Value Mismatch After Update of the P_MIN Attribute
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

48. Stored Procedures: Advantages
Substantially reduce network traffic and increase performance
No transmission of individual SQL statements over network
Help reduce code duplication by means of code isolation and code sharing
Minimize chance of errors and cost of application development and maintenance
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

49. Creating the PRC_PROD_DISCOUNT Stored Procedure
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

50. Results of the PRC_PROD_DISCOUNT Stored Procedure
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

51. The PRC_CUS_ADD Stored Procedure
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

52. The PRC_INV_ADD and PRC_LINE_ADD Stored Procedures
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

53. Testing the PRC_INV_ADD and PRC_LINE_ADD Procedures
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

54. Cursor Processing Commands
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

55. Cursor Attributes
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

56. SQL and Procedural Languages: Key Differences
Run-time mismatch:
SQL executed one instruction at a time
Host language typically runs at the client side in its own memory space
Processing mismatch:
Host language processes one data element at a time
Data type mismatch:
Data types may not match
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

57. Embedded SQL Framework
A standard syntax to identify embedded SQL code within host language
A standard syntax to identify host variables
A communication area used to exchange status and error information between SQL and the host language
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

58. SQL Status and Error Reporting Variables
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

59. Static SQL
Embedded SQL in which the programmer used predefined SQL statements and parameters
End users of programs are limited to actions that were specified in application programs
SQL statements will not change while application is running
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

60. Dynamic SQL
SQL statement is not known in advance, but instead is generated at run time
Program can generate SQL statements at run time that are required to respond to ad hoc queries
Attribute list and the condition are not known until the end user specifies them
Tends to be much slower than static SQL
Requires more computer resources
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

61. Summary
SQL provides relational set operators to combine output of two queries to generate new relation
Operations that join tables can be classified as inner joins and outer joins
Subqueries and correlated queries are used when it is necessary to process data based on other processed data
SQL functions are used to extract or transform data
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel

62. Summary (continued)
Oracle sequences may be used to generate values to be assigned to a record
PL/SQL may be used to create triggers, stored procedures, and PL/SQL functions
If SQL statements are designed to return more than one value inside the PL/SQL code, a cursor is needed
Embedded SQL refers to the use of SQL statements within an application programming language
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, & Management, 6th Edition, Rob & Coronel