1. 10/6/2015 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. The Federal Bureaucracy Chapter 15 Edwards, Wattenberg, and Lineberry Government in America: People, Politics, and Policy Fourteenth Edition

2. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 MAH - CH 15 - THE NEW DEAL 2

3. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 Defintion Classic conception of bureaucracy (Max Weber)—a hierarchical authority structure that use task specialization, operates on the merit principle, and behaves with impersonality Bureaucracies govern modern states/business

4. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015

5. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 Modern Bureaucracy  More than 2.7 million employeesMore than 2.7 million employees  Most are selected based on merit.  Less diverse than America. Less diverse than America  Growth of outside contractors.

6. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 The Bureaucrats Some Bureaucratic Myths Most Americans rate bureaucracy high Federal bureaucracies is getting smaller Only 10-12% work in DC area Federal bureaucracies are effective, efficient Rated the same as private businesses.

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8. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015

9. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 THE NUMBER OF FEDERAL CIVILIAN EMPLOYEES IS LESS THAN 1945. GOVERNMENT NOW DOES MORE SO… BUREAUCRACIES ARE MORE POWERFUL HAVE MORE DISCRETIONARY AUTHORITY

10. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 Growth of Government Back

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12. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 Civilian Employment Back

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14. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 Who Are The Bureaucrats –Most demographically representative part of government –Diversity of jobs mirrors the private sector

15. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 FEDERAL EMPLOYEES DEMOGRAPHICS 19942003

16. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 Employee Characteristics  Back

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18. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015

19. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015

20. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015

21. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 THE UNIQUENESS OF THE AMERICAN BUREAUCRACY 1-POLITICAL AUTHORITY IS SHARED DIFFERENT BRANCHES & AGENCIES WITH STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS 2-AMERICA’S ADVERSARIAL CULTURE

22. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 BUREAUCRACY INCREASED WITH THE NEW DEAL (1930’s) GREAT SOCIETY (1960’s) “OBAMACARE” ?? (2012- ) Private insurance required/Medicaid expansion More government regulations DEREGULATION (80’S) ‘REAGAN REVOLUTION’

23. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 The Bureaucrats Patronage : job given for political reasons Civil Service: based on merit and nonpartisanship Pendleton Civil Service Act (1883) Merit Principle: Entrance exams Promotion based on evaluations Hatch Act No participation in partisan politics by bureaucrats

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25. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 Characteristics of Bureaucracy  Chain of command (top down).  Division of labor.  Clear lines of authority.  Goal orientation.  Merit system.  Emphasis on Productivity.

26. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 How Bureaucracies Are Organized The Cabinet Departments Fifteen Cabinet departments Headed by a secretary Department of Justice (Attorney General) Each has its own budget, staff, & policy areas

27. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 How Bureaucracies Are Organized

28. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 The Executive Branch  Back

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30. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015

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32. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 Independent Regulatory Agencies Responsible for some sector of the economy Watched by interest groups, media, citizens Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

33. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 The Government Corporations Business-like–provide services like private companies and typically charge for them Postal Service and Amtrak Independent Executive Agencies The agencies that don’t fit in anywhere else General Services Administration (GSA) NASA

34. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015

35. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 Bureaucracies as Implementers What Implementation Means –Creating and assigning an agency the policy –Translating policy into rules, regulations, forms –Coordinating resources to achieve the goals

36. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 Why Bureaucracies Flunk the Implementation Test Lack of Clarity Lack of Resources Administrative Routine Fragmentation

37. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 IS THE U.S. GOVERNMENTAL BUREAUCRACY TOO LARGE / POWERFUL? EXPLAIN. “POP” ESSAY 50 WORDS IN LESS THAN 5 MINUTES

38. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015

39. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 Bureaucracies as Regulators Regulation: use of governmental authority to control or change some practice in the private sector. Regulation in the Economy & in Everyday Life

40. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015  Back

41. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 All Regulations contain 3 elements 1=Congressional grant of power, set of directions 2=Rules & guidelines by the agency itself 3=Some means of enforcing compliance

42. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 Regulatory Strategies Command-and-Control Policy Rules made tone followed Incentive System Market-like strategies (carrot & stick) Agencies can be proactive or reactive.

43. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 Movement Towards Deregulation Deregulation: the lifting of gov't restrictions Problems with Regulations: Raises prices Hurts U.S.’s competitive position abroad Does not always work well

44. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 Understanding Bureaucracies & Democracy Presidents Try to Control the Bureaucracy 1.Appoint the right people 2.Issue executive orders Used to implement policies 3.Alter an agency’s budget 4.Create / Reorganize an agency

45. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 Understanding Bureaucracies & Democracy Congress Tries to Control the Bureaucracy 1.Influence appointment of agency heads 2.Alter an agency’s budget 3.Hold oversight hearings 4.Rewrite legislation 5.Approve Budget

46. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 Iron Triangles or issue networks A mutually dependent relationship between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees Understanding Bureaucracies & Democracy

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48. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 Understanding Bureaucracy and the Scope of Government The size of federal bureaucracy is an example of a government out of control. Even though the size of the bureaucracy has shrunk. Some agencies don’t have enough resources to do what they are expected to do. Bureaucracies carry out Congressional policies

49. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 Summary Bureaucracy’s primary responsibility is the implementation of public policy. Bureaucrats shape policy as administrators, implementers, and regulators. Federal bureaucracy has not grown but has in fact shrunk of late.

50. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 Agency Accountability (Limits on the Bureaucracy) Back

51. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 Bureaucracies as Implementers A Case Study: The Voting Rights Act of 1965 –Generally considered a success –Had a clear, concise goal –The implementation was clear –Those carrying out the law had obvious authority and vigor to do so.

52. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 WILSON CH 13 - THE BUREAUCRACY OBJECTIVES 1-DESCRIBE THE AMERICAN MODEL OF GOVERNMENTAL BUREAUCRACY. 2-SKETCH THE HISTORY OF THE GROWTH OF BUREAUCRACY IN THIS COUNTRY.

53. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 WILSON CH 13 - THE BUREAUCRACY OBJECTIVES 3. SHOW HOW THE ROLES AND MISSIONS OF THE AGENCIES ARE AFFECTED BY BOTH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL FACTORS. 4-LIST SOME PAST ATTEMPTS OF CONGRESS TO REFORM THE BUREAUCRACY. THEN EXPLAIN WY IT IS SO HARD TO REFORM THE BUREAUCRACY. 5-LIST THE “PATHOLOGIES” THAT MAY AFFECT BUREAUCRACIES.

54. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 WILSON CH 13 - THE BUREAUCRACY IMPORTANT TERMS - SET 1 ANNUAL AUTHORIZATION APPROPRIATION AUTHORIZATION LEGISLATION BUREAUCRACY COMMITTEE CLEARANCE COMPETITIVE SERVICE

55. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 WILSON CH 13 - THE BUREAUCRACY IMPORTANT TERMS - SET 1 DISCRETIONARY AUTHORITY EXPECTED SERVICE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT IRON TRIANGLE ISSUE NETWORK LAISSEZ-FAIRE LEGISLATIVE VETO NAME-REQUEST JOB

56. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 WILSON CH 13 - THE BUREAUCRACY IMPORTANT TERMS - SET 1 PATRONAGE PENDLETON ACT RED TAPE SENIOR EXECUTIVE SERVICE SPOILS SYSTEM TRUST FUNDS

57. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 WILSON CH 13-THE BUREAUCRACY IMPORTANT TERMS LEGISLATIVE VETO NAME-REQUEST JOB NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT NONCAREER EXECUTIVE ASSIGNMENTS OPEN MEETING LAW WHISTLEBLOWER PROTECTION ACT

58. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 WILSON CH 13-THE BUREAUCRACY IMPORTANT TERMS OVERSIGHT PATRONAGE PENDLETON ACT PRIVACY ACT RED TAPE

59. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 WILSON CH 13-THE BUREAUCRACY IMPORTANT TERMS SCHEDULE C JOB SENIOR EXECUTIVE SERVICE SPOILS SYSTEM TRUST FUND WASTE WHISTLEBLOWER PROTECTION ACT

60. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 WILSON CH 13 - THE BUREAUCRACY QUESTIONS 1-WHAT IS AN ACTUAL WORKING DEFINITION OF BUREAUCRATIC POWER? 2-WHAT ARE THE WAYS IN WHICH THE U.S. BUREAUCRACY CONTRASTS WITH THOSE OF OTHER NATIONS?

61. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 WILSON CH 13 - THE BUREAUCRACY QUESTIONS 3-SHOULD MORE MEMBERS OF THE BUREAUCRACY BE ELECTED? EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWER 4-WHAT FACTORS ACCOUNT FOR THE BEHAVIOR OF BUREAUCRATS? RANK THESE IN ORDER OF IMPORTANCE.

62. Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman. 10/6/2015 WILSON CH 13 - THE BUREAUCRACY QUESTIONS 5-DEFINE THE BUDDY SYSTEM AS IT APPLIES TO FEDERAL HIRING. WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SUCH A SYSTEM? 6-ARE BUREAUCRATS MOTIVATED TO KEEP COSTS DOWN? WHY OR WHY NOT.