1. Cells and Tissues Cells - building blocks of all life
Tissues - groups of cells w/ similar structure and function

2. Body Tissues – groups of cells with similar structure and function
Four primary types
Epithelial tissue (epithelium)
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue

3. Epithelial Tissues Locations Body coverings Body linings
Glandular tissue
Functions
Protection
Absorption
Filtration
Secretion

4. Epithelium Characteristics
Often form sheets (like skin)
apical surface = free surface (top side)
lower surface bound to basement membrane
Avascular (no blood supply), but regenerate easily
Apical Surfaces 

5. Classification of Epithelia
Simple—one layer
Stratified—more than one layer
Figure 3.17a

6. Classification of Epithelia
Shape of cells
Squamous – flattened
Cuboidal - cube-shaped
Columnar - column-like
Figure 3.17b

7. Simple Squamous Epithelia – Line body cavities, lungs, capillaries
Figure 3.18a

8. Simple Cuboidal Epithelia – many glands, kidney tubes, cover ovaries

9. Simple Columnar Epithelia – usually includes goblet cells (mucus makers), lines stomach to anus

10. Stratified Squamous Epithelia – skin, mouth, esophagus: protect against friction

11. Stratified cuboidal and columnar epithelia
Rare
Found mainly in ducts of large glands

12. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelia – seem stratified but not, line trachea

13. Transitional Epithelia – stretchy, urinary bladder

14. Glandular Epithelium
Endocrine gland – secrete hormones directly to blood
Exocrine gland – secrete into ducts, sweat glands for ex.

15. Connective Tissue Found everywhere in abundance Functions
Binds tissues together
Support
Protection

16. Connective Tissue Characteristics
Blood supply varies (a little to a lot)
Extracellular matrix: non-living material surrounding cells (2 components)
Ground substance: water, proteins, sugars
Fibers: protein fibers secreted by cells

17. Connective Tissue: BONE – protection and support
Hard matrix of calcium salts
Large numbers of collagen fiber

18. Connective Tissues: Hyaline Cartilage – protects joints, supports trachea
Most common type of cartilage
Composed of
Abundant collagen fibers
Rubbery matrix

19. Connective Tissue Types
Elastic cartilage – elastic ear support
Fibrocartilage – compressible discs between vertebrae

20. Connective tissues: dense connective tissue
Tendons - skeletal muscle to bone
Ligaments— attach bone to bone at joints
Dermis— lower layers of the skin

21. Connective Tissue Types: Loose Connective Tissues are soft and pliable
Areolar tissue
Most widely distributed connective tissue
Functions as a packing tissue
Can soak up excess fluid (causes edema)
Adipose tissue
Areolar tissue with fat cells
Insulates, protects, stores fuel

22. Connective Tissue Types: reticular tissue (also a loose connective tissue)
Delicate network of interwoven fibers
Creates space in lymph nodes, spleen, bone marrow

23. Connective Tissue Types: Blood
Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix (blood plasma)
Transports nutrients/waste/hormones

24. Body Membranes Composed of epithelial and connective tissues.
Cover body surfaces
Line body cavities
Protect organs

25. 4 types-
Mucous membranes – ‘wet’ membranes that open to exterior; Respiratory, urinary, digestive, etc.
Serous membranes – line body cavities, completely separate from exterior

26. 4 types-
Cutaneous membranes – the skin, exposed directly to air
Synovial membranes -- lines capsules around joints, secretes lubricating fluid

27. Muscle Tissue – 3 types for movement
Skeletal muscle – voluntary control, multi-nucleate fibers, striated
Cardiac muscle – heart, intercalated discs, single branched cells
Smooth muscle – involuntary control (hollow organs & blood vessels)

29. Nervous Tissue – neurons and support cells
Sends impulses around the body
Irritability – detect environmental changes
Conductivity – send electrical signals

30. Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)
1. Blood clots seal off damaged area.
2. New capillaries grow into damaged area to deliver nutrients.
3. Epithelial and vascular connective tissues tend to regenerate; muscle and nerve tissue replaced with scar tissue.