1. The End of World War II And Outcomes

2. Soviet advance—pushing Hitler’s troops backward Axis forces with 2 million casualties—outnumbered and outgunned Early 1944, Siege of Leningrad ends; more victories for Soviets followed Axis forces driven back into central Europe Soviets within 40 miles of Berlin by February 1945 Second front in Western Europe Sea assault led by Marshall and Eisenhower June 6, 1944, invasion at Normandy Victory came with high casualties Paris free by end of August D-Day December 1944, one last stand Counterattack at Belgium German advance led to bulge in the line Defeat ended German resistance Allies racing to Berlin from the east and west Battle of the Bulge War Ends in Europe

4. Soviets reached Berlin first Adolf Hitler found dead in bunker — a suicide Berlin surrendered May 2, 1945; Germany five days later Victory in Europe (V-E Day) proclaimed May 8, 1945 War in Europe finally over after nearly six years The Germans Surrender

5. Final Battles By mid-1944, regular bombing raids on Japanese cities, including Tokyo Great distance made raids difficult, dangerous Americans needed bases closer to Japan Battle of Okinawa Only 350 miles from Japan; U.S. troops invaded island April 1945 By June, 12,000 American soldiers dead Japanese lost 100,000 defenders and another 100,000 civilians Battle of Iwo Jima February 1945 island invasion; 750 miles south of Tokyo 7,000 Americans died in month of fighting; 20,000 Japanese died—only 1,000 thousand surrendered War Ends in the Pacific

6. Emperor Hirohito surrendered on August 15, 1945. This day is known as V-J Day for Victory in Japan. World War II was finally over. After Okinawa, mainland Japan was next The U.S. military estimated cost of invading mainland Japan-up to 1 million Allied killed or wounded Atomic bomb successfully tested in 1945 Harry S Truman U.S. president with Roosevelt’s death in May 1945 Forced to make decision—bomb Japanese city to force surrender Option to invasionJuly 26, 1945 Allies issued demand for surrender No response; Hiroshima bombed on August 6 Still no surrender; second bomb dropped on Nagasaki on August 9 145,000 total deaths Japanese acknowledged defeat The Atomic Bomb

7. The Postwar World End of war, Europe and Asia in ruins Tens of millions dead; heaviest losses in Eastern Europe Germany, Japan, and China had also suffered greatly Physical devastation; cities, villages, and farms destroyed National economies near collapse Millions uprooted former prisoners of war, survivors of concentration camps, refugees of fighting and of national border changes

9. July 1941 Allied leaders planned for years for the of war Churchill and Roosevelt met to discuss even before U.S. entered war Joint declaration of Churchill and Roosevelt Outlined purpose of war Sought no territorial gains All nations could choose their own government Work for mutual prosperity Atlantic Charter December 1943 Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin Agreed on schedule for D-Day invasion Would work together in peace after the war Tehran Conference Planning for the Future

10. United Nations Roosevelt got Stalin to agree to join fight against Japan once war in Europe over USSR would join new world organization—United Nations Meant to encourage international cooperation and prevent war June 1945 charter signed with five major Allies as Security Council Yalta Conference Held in Soviet territory in early 1945; Allies on brink of military victory Primary goal to reach agreement on postwar Europe Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill agreed on plans for Germany Stalin got his way with Polish territory, made promises

11. July 1945 Small German city location for Potsdam Conference Growing ill will between Soviet Union and other Allies Closing months American and British leaders worried about Stalin’s intentions Concerned about spread of communism, growth of Soviet influence Three sides Soviet Union, Britain, and United States Discussed many issues but had difficulty reaching agreement Stalin Soon broke his promises Did not respect democracies in Eastern Europe Another struggle beginning Potsdam Conference

14. Marshall Plan Rebuilds Europe Plan to help rebuild Germany & the rest of Europe The U.S. hoped that $15 billion in aid would prevent the spread of communism: CONTAINMENT http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh all_Planhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh all_Plan

15. Emergence of Two Superpowers Conflicting beliefs of USA and USSR: capitalism versus communism Cold War begins

16. Division of Europe Soviet spheres (east) versus democratic countries (west) “Iron Curtain” divides the continent, symbolized by Berlin Wall (1960s) NATO (west) and Warsaw Pact (east) are competing military alliances http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsa w_Pacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsa w_Pact Berlin Wall

17. Nuclear Age Begins 1st nuclear weapons used on Japan during WWII USSR develops bomb in 1946 Arms race continues throughout Cold War Britain, France, China also develop bomb The two bombs dropped on Japan resulted in 110,000 instant deaths and 130,000 injuries.

18. Creation of the United Nations First meeting in San Francisco in 1945 51 original members 192 current members Goal=solve conflicts peacefully & improve the world http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite d_Nationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unite d_Nations

19. UN Security Counsel A smaller body of the UN 5 permanent members: US, USSR (today Russia), Britain, France, and China Power to apply sanctions or send peace-keeping forces Have the power to veto any council decision Goal is to ensure peace

20. Nuremberg War Crimes Trials Nazi officials tried for war crimes Created accountability for crimes against humanity Trials were also held in Japan and Italy

21. Creation of the State of Israel Palestine was a British mandate prior to WWII Desire for a homeland for Jews from around the world after WWII Sympathy due to the Holocaust Two states created in 1948: Jewish state & Arab state Led to continuing conflict http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histor y_of_Israelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histor y_of_Israel Arab state Jewish state