2. Chapter 31 Lesson 2: Cancer By: Lily Nikolich September 7, 2007

3. Introduction 553,400 Americans died of cancer 2001 553,400 Americans died of cancer 2001 1.3 million new cases diagnosed 1.3 million new cases diagnosed 1 in 4 deaths from cancer 1 in 4 deaths from cancer Early detection/improvements in technology have improved prognosis for many Early detection/improvements in technology have improved prognosis for many

4. An Overview of Cancer Variations in Rates Variations in Rates –Rates have large variations among populations –444.6 per 100,000 African Americans –402.1 per 100,000 Whites –272.4 per 100,000 Hispanics –279.3 per 100,000 Asian Pacific Islanders –152.8 per 100,000 Native Americans

5. An Overview of Cancer What is Cancer? What is Cancer? –Uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells –Neoplasms are results from uncontrolled, abnormal cellular development –Malignant tumors are a neoplasmic mass that are dangerous and harmful

6. An Overview of Cancer Risks for Cancer-Lifestyle Risks for Cancer-Lifestyle –Smoking and drinking among greatest - Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the world today - Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the world today –Nutrition/exercise - Cancer is more common among people who are overweight - Cancer is more common among people who are overweight

7. > > Leading Sites of New Cancer Cases and Deaths—2005 Estimates Figure 13.2

8. What Causes Cancer? Biological Factors Biological Factors –Genetic predisposition – Research is inconclusive –Reproductive and hormonal risks – Breast cancer is much more common in most Western countries then developing countries. -- WHY???

9. What Causes Cancer? Occupational and Environmental Factors Occupational and Environmental Factors –Asbestos, nickel, chromate –Radioactive substances Social and Psychological Factors Social and Psychological Factors –Stress has been implicated in increasing susceptibility levels to several types of cancer. –Decrease negative emotions

10. What Causes Cancer? Chemicals in Food Chemicals in Food –Sodium nitrate –Clostridium botulism Viral Factors Viral Factors –Herpes-related virus and human papillomavirus Medical Factors Medical Factors –Diethylstibestrol (DES) –Chemotherapy

11. >

12. Types of Cancer Classifications of Cancer Classifications of Cancer –Carcinomas –Sarcomas –Lymphomas –Leukemias Lung Cancer Lung Cancer –Killed 164,000 in 2000 –Prevention-researchers theorize: 90% of all lung cancers could be avoided by not smoking

13. Types of Cancer Breast Cancer Breast Cancer –One in 8 women –Risk increases with age –Risk factors supported by research –Prevention (self-exam and mammography) –Treatment

14. Breast Self-Examination > Figure 13.3

15. Types of Cancer Colon and Rectum Cancer Colon and Rectum Cancer –3 rd most common in men and women –135,400 in 2001 diagnosed –Warning signals, e.g. blood in the stool, rectal bleeding Prostate Cancer Prostate Cancer –Most common in males today –189,000 new cases will be diagnosed in 2002 –Estimated 30,200 men will die

16. Types of Cancer Skin Cancer: Sun Bathers Beware Skin Cancer: Sun Bathers Beware –1.3 million cases of skin cancer –Treatable: basal or squamous –Virulent: malignant melanoma –ABCD rule about melanoma What are three ways you can safely enjoy the sun and outdoors? What are three ways you can safely enjoy the sun and outdoors?

17. Types of Cancer Testicular Cancer Testicular Cancer –Ages 17-34 at greatest risk –Cause is unknown –Undescended testicles present a great risk –How and when should men examine their testicles?

18. Testicular Self-Examination > Figure 13.4

19. Types of Cancer Ovarian Cancer Ovarian Cancer –4 th leading cause of death in young women –Enlargement of abdomen common sign –Prevention: annual pelvic exams Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer Endometrial (Uterine) Cancer –Pap test for early detection –Risk: early onset of intercourse –Warning: abnormal bleeding

20. Types of Cancer Cancer of the Pancreas Cancer of the Pancreas –“Silent” disease –29,700 cases in 2002 –Only 4% survive –Contributors: inflammation, diabetes, high-fat diet

21. Types of Cancer Leukemia Leukemia –Cancer of blood-forming tissues –Leads to the creation of immature white blood cells –Symptoms: fatigue / paleness / weight loss –Can be acute or chronic

22. Facing Cancer Detecting Cancer Detecting Cancer –Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) –Computerized Axial Tomography scanning (CAT scan) –Prostatic ultrasound (rectal probe) –Self-exam and check-ups

23. > Table 13.3

24. Facing Cancer New Hope in Cancer Treatments New Hope in Cancer Treatments –Surgery to remove tumor –Chemotherapy –Researching genes and cell mutations

25. Facing Cancer Talking with Your Doctor about Cancer Talking with Your Doctor about Cancer –Ask questions about type, treatment, clinical trials –Ask about surgery –Ask why one treatment is preferred –Get all your options

26. Facing Cancer Life After Cancer Life After Cancer –Laws reduce insurance discrimination –Less isolation –Assistance is available –Support groups

27. Seven Ways to Reduce the Risk of Cancer 1. Be physically active 2. Achieve and maintain a healthful weight 3. Eat plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains 4. Reduce the amount of fat in the foods you eat, particularly from animal sources, to no more than 30 percent of your total daily calorie intake

28. Reducing the Risk of Cancer 5. Limit your time in the sun. Use sunscreen when exposed to the sun for any length of time 6. Avoid using all forms of tobacco and alcohol 7. Know your body and recognize the warning signs of cancer. Visit your doctor immediately if you suspect a problem

29. The End Any Questions?