1. Ch. 16: Section II: Spanish and Portuguese Colonies (Pages 366-371) This section is about: This section is about: How the establishment of Spanish colonies in Mexico and Peru affected native peoples How the establishment of Spanish colonies in Mexico and Peru affected native peoples How the government of the colonies affected settlers who lived in them. How the government of the colonies affected settlers who lived in them. The establishment of the Portuguese sugar-producing colony in Brazil. The establishment of the Portuguese sugar-producing colony in Brazil.

2. The Picture on page 367 looks like everyone ’ s going to get along with each other in the Americas. The Picture on page 367 looks like everyone ’ s going to get along with each other in the Americas. We should read the caption though. We should read the caption though. There ’ s also something in this section that ’ s called “ the Columbian Exchange ”. What does that sound like it ’ s about? There ’ s also something in this section that ’ s called “ the Columbian Exchange ”. What does that sound like it ’ s about? A question first? How should you act when you go to a new place for the first time? (a new friends house – a new restaurant – school this past fall) A question first? How should you act when you go to a new place for the first time? (a new friends house – a new restaurant – school this past fall)

3. Spain ’ s Vast Empire In the 1500 ’ s, Spain controlled more of the America ’ s than any other country. In the 1500 ’ s, Spain controlled more of the America ’ s than any other country. They were led by their conquistadores (conquerors) who were looking for wealth. They were led by their conquistadores (conquerors) who were looking for wealth. They heard from the Mayans, that the Aztecs had the wealth (gold) they were looking for. They heard from the Mayans, that the Aztecs had the wealth (gold) they were looking for.

4. Cortes Invades Mexico In 1519, Hernan Cortes set out for Mexico (11 ships, 508 soldiers, 100 sailors, and 16 horses). In 1519, Hernan Cortes set out for Mexico (11 ships, 508 soldiers, 100 sailors, and 16 horses). When he got there, he made friends with the natives – but kept trying to find out about these “ Aztecs. ” When he got there, he made friends with the natives – but kept trying to find out about these “ Aztecs. ” Many of these people Cortes befriended hated the Aztecs (because they were forced to pay tribute to them). Many of these people Cortes befriended hated the Aztecs (because they were forced to pay tribute to them). Cortes ended up with about 200,000 natives backing him. Cortes ended up with about 200,000 natives backing him.

5. Moctezuma ’ s Fall The Aztecs had a legend that their God Quetzalcoatl would someday return to rule them. The Aztecs had a legend that their God Quetzalcoatl would someday return to rule them. The emperor (Montezuma) thought Cortez might be him, so he tried to keep him away from his city (Tenochtitlan). The emperor (Montezuma) thought Cortez might be him, so he tried to keep him away from his city (Tenochtitlan). Cortes eventually showed up though. Cortes eventually showed up though. When Cortes and Montezuma met, they gave each other gifts and showed each other respect (but neither really meant it). When Cortes and Montezuma met, they gave each other gifts and showed each other respect (but neither really meant it). Cortes just wanted to get rich. Cortes just wanted to get rich. He took Montezuma prisoner. He took Montezuma prisoner. The Aztecs fought back and drove the Spanish out of their city, but Montezuma was killed. The Aztecs fought back and drove the Spanish out of their city, but Montezuma was killed. Cortes kept attacking and eventually won control of the city. Cortes kept attacking and eventually won control of the city.

7. Pizarro and the Incas Francisco Pizarro also came to the Americas (1531). Francisco Pizarro also came to the Americas (1531). He landed in Peru (Incas then) and met with the emperor Atahualpa. He landed in Peru (Incas then) and met with the emperor Atahualpa. Pizarro wanted the Incas to become Christian and agree to be ruled by Spain (yeah… right). Pizarro wanted the Incas to become Christian and agree to be ruled by Spain (yeah… right). Pizarro captured and imprisoned Atahualpa, who gave him gold in exchange for being released. Pizarro captured and imprisoned Atahualpa, who gave him gold in exchange for being released. Pizarro took the gold, but still killed Atahualpa and the Incas immediately gave up. Pizarro took the gold, but still killed Atahualpa and the Incas immediately gave up. In about 15-20 years: two great empires were completely gone. In about 15-20 years: two great empires were completely gone. ….. …..

8. The Spanish had the best weapons: fought on horseback, with cannons, guns, and swords. The Spanish had the best weapons: fought on horseback, with cannons, guns, and swords. The natives fought on foot with bows and arrows. The natives fought on foot with bows and arrows. And, remember, diseases also killed a lot of Native Americans. And, remember, diseases also killed a lot of Native Americans.

9. Governing Spain ’ s Empire Even though Spain controlled much of the Americas, the Native Americans weren ’ t happy about any of it. Even though Spain controlled much of the Americas, the Native Americans weren ’ t happy about any of it. There were many fights and revolts against Spanish rule. There were many fights and revolts against Spanish rule.

10. Government and the Economy In 1524: the Spanish created “ the Council of the Indies ” to rule their new possessions. In 1524: the Spanish created “ the Council of the Indies ” to rule their new possessions. Viceroys (governors) were appointed to control sections of the Americas. Viceroys (governors) were appointed to control sections of the Americas. These viceroys had a lot of power: they were in charge of the natives and also the Spanish colonists who settled in the Americas (collecting taxes, enforcing laws, nominating local officials, convert natives to Christianity, and set up encomiendas). These viceroys had a lot of power: they were in charge of the natives and also the Spanish colonists who settled in the Americas (collecting taxes, enforcing laws, nominating local officials, convert natives to Christianity, and set up encomiendas). ……….. ………..

11. Encomiendas: gave land (even though natives lived on it) to Spanish people. Encomiendas: gave land (even though natives lived on it) to Spanish people. These Spanish had to care for/watch out for the natives. These Spanish had to care for/watch out for the natives. The natives either had to pay tribute (in gold) or work for the Spanish colonist. The natives either had to pay tribute (in gold) or work for the Spanish colonist. The gold things wasn ’ t working out good enough – but there were some good crops that could be grown in the Americas: sugar, rice, tobacco, coffee, and cocoa beans. The gold things wasn ’ t working out good enough – but there were some good crops that could be grown in the Americas: sugar, rice, tobacco, coffee, and cocoa beans. This really ended up becoming a form of slavery. This really ended up becoming a form of slavery. The natives were often abused and overworked (and many died). The natives were often abused and overworked (and many died). So many died, they had to start finding a new source of workers – who came from _ _ _ _ _ _. So many died, they had to start finding a new source of workers – who came from _ _ _ _ _ _.

12. The Columbian Exchange We already know that when Columbus went back to Spain he took some native Taino with him. We already know that when Columbus went back to Spain he took some native Taino with him. He also took some other things Spain had never seen before. He also took some other things Spain had never seen before. When he went back to the America ’ s – he took them some things from Spain that they had never seen before. When he went back to the America ’ s – he took them some things from Spain that they had never seen before. This was the start of “ the Columbian Exchange ” – sending things back and forth that the other didn ’ t have before. This was the start of “ the Columbian Exchange ” – sending things back and forth that the other didn ’ t have before.

13. The Impact of the Columbian Exchange To see what was involved in the Columbian Exchange, it ’ s easier to look at a slide we use in U.S. history. To see what was involved in the Columbian Exchange, it ’ s easier to look at a slide we use in U.S. history. …………….. ……………..

14. “ The Columbian Exchange ” SquashPumpkinsTurkey Peanuts Potatoes TomatoesCorn S Potatoes PeppersTobaccoPineapplesCacaoBeansVanillaSquashPumpkinsTurkey Peanuts Potatoes TomatoesCorn S Potatoes PeppersTobaccoPineapplesCacaoBeansVanilla Food Crops Citrus Fruits GrapesBananas Sugar Cane HoneybeesOnionsOlivesTurnips Coffee Beans PeachesPears Food Crops Citrus Fruits GrapesBananas Sugar Cane HoneybeesOnionsOlivesTurnips Coffee Beans PeachesPears GrainsWheatRiceBarleyOatsAnimalsCattleSheepPigsHorsesGrainsWheatRiceBarleyOatsAnimalsCattleSheepPigsHorses DiseasesSmallpoxInfluenzaTyphusMeaslesMalariaDiphtheria Whooping Cough STD ’ s DiseasesSmallpoxInfluenzaTyphusMeaslesMalariaDiphtheria Whooping Cough STD ’ s

15. The Role of Missionaries The Catholic Church sent many Missionaries to the Americas. The Catholic Church sent many Missionaries to the Americas. One of these missionaries (Bartolome de las Casas) was convinced the encomienda system was wrong – and even wrote a book about it. One of these missionaries (Bartolome de las Casas) was convinced the encomienda system was wrong – and even wrote a book about it. It worked: he convinced Spain to abolish the encomienda system. It worked: he convinced Spain to abolish the encomienda system. It wasn ’ t easy at first. 1. No one wants to change just because someone tells you to – and some Spanish were doing pretty well with this system. 2. Spain was thousands of miles away and couldn ’ t enforce all their decisions. 3. The Catholic Church was convinced it was “ destiny ” that natives be enslaved and converted to Christianity.

16. Colonial Cities Most Spanish settlers preferred living in cities. Most Spanish settlers preferred living in cities. These cities ended up the center of government, religious life, culture, and trade. These cities ended up the center of government, religious life, culture, and trade. These cities usually had the same design: a church, a government building, a house for the viceroy, and rectangular blocks of houses surrounding the square (more important people living closer). These cities usually had the same design: a church, a government building, a house for the viceroy, and rectangular blocks of houses surrounding the square (more important people living closer).

17. Colonial Culture Spanish culture was dominant, but there was a mix. Spanish culture was dominant, but there was a mix. This gave these cities a unique style or art, architecture, farming, religion, and food. This gave these cities a unique style or art, architecture, farming, religion, and food. They also had “ levels ” of people: Peninsulares: came directly from Spain. Peninsulares: came directly from Spain. Creoles: descendants of peninsulares. Creoles: descendants of peninsulares. Mestizos: mix of Spanish and Native Americans Mestizos: mix of Spanish and Native Americans Mulatoes: mix of Africans and Spanish. Mulatoes: mix of Africans and Spanish. Native Americans and Africans (lowest). Native Americans and Africans (lowest).

18. Portugal ’ s Expansion in Brazil Portuguese settlers first settled the coast (cities) and then slowly began moving inland and farming (sugar cane plantations). Portuguese settlers first settled the coast (cities) and then slowly began moving inland and farming (sugar cane plantations). The sugar trade became a very profitable cash crop for Portugal. The sugar trade became a very profitable cash crop for Portugal. This also meant they needed a lot of workers on the plantations (enslaved Native Americans and Africans). This also meant they needed a lot of workers on the plantations (enslaved Native Americans and Africans). When they found gold (late 1600 ’ s), it replaced sugar cane as a leading money export. When they found gold (late 1600 ’ s), it replaced sugar cane as a leading money export.

19. Portuguese Society and Culture Portuguese people were also a mix of Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans. Portuguese people were also a mix of Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans. Europeans were the most important group. Europeans were the most important group. The Roman Catholic Church was also highly involved in the life of these peoples. The Roman Catholic Church was also highly involved in the life of these peoples.