2. 1 Volcanoes 82A Genre: Nonfiction: Expository nonfiction selection on volcanoes.Nonfiction: Expository nonfiction selection on volcanoes. Selection Summary: Science writer Seymor Simon explains the characteristics of volcanoes and describes the aftermath of some well-known eruptions.

3. 2 Volcanoes 82K Background This theme is about nature’s power. Can anyone name any volcanoes? Read 82-83

4. 3 Volcanoes Theme is about nature’s power. What are some forces of nature you have read about? This story is about Volcanoes (obviously) Text 82-83 What are volcanoes? Volcanoes are openings in the earth’s crust through which lava and hot gases are ejected.

5. 4 Vocabulary 83A Transparency 1-18 Practice Book 38Transparency 1-18 Practice Book 38 cinders: charred bits of rock; ashes crater: a bowl-shaped depression crust: the solid outer layer of earth eruption: a volcanic explosion or large flow of lava Practice book 38

6. 5 Vocabulary (cont) 83A lava: hot melted rock that flows from a volcano magma: hot melted rock underneath the earth’s surface molten: made liquid by heat summit: the top of a mountain

7. Vocabulary Link fissures: long, narrow openings; cracks active: able to act or work ruptures: breaks or bursts oozes: flows or leaks out slowly fiery: burning or glowing 6

8. 7 Phonics/Decoding What are our Phonics/Decoding SkillsWhat are our Phonics/Decoding Skills These skills are: chunking, affixes, vowel sounds, beginning and ending, syllables, words you know, word parts, root words, base words, look carefully.

9. 8 Phonics/Decoding 83A Ten years after the explosion that formed Surtsey, another volcano erupted near Iceland. How do we figure out this word? Use your phonics and decoding skills.

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11. 10 Reading Strategy 83B Monitor and Clarify Seymour Simon gives lots of information about volcanoes and how they are formed. As you read monitor your understanding, and reread or use the photos and map to clarify. Read 84

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13. 12 Reading Strategy 83B Monitor and Clarify The photos show sparks and fiery lava shooting up from the earth. This spectacular event terrified and fascinated ancient people. The photo helps me understand why the Romans believed that Vulcan, the god of fire, worked at the hot forge, striking sparks as he made swords. This was probably their way of explaining what caused the fiery lava that shoots up from volcanoes. To Monitor your understanding, reread or look at photos and graphic aids to help you clarify anything you don’t understand.

14. 13 Comprehension Skill 83C Practice Book 39 Trans 1-19 Practice Book 39 A category is a group of people, animals, things, or ideas that are alike. To classify means to put similar items in groups according to their similarities. Sorting information by categorizing and classifying it helps readers understand and remember what they read. It also helps readers understand the things those categories have in common.

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17. 16 Decoding Longer Words Word roots: struct and rupt 105E The eruption of Mount St. Helens was the most destructive in the history of the U.S. A word root is a word part that has meaning but is not a word by itself. Struct Means to build Destructive has struct in it which means to destroy Ex. structure Ex. instructions Rupt Means to break Eruption has rupt in which means a large explosion Ex. interrupted Ex. ruptured practice book 43 practice book 43

18. 17 Phonics 105F Long Vowel Sounds/o/, /oo/, /yoo/ Understanding long vowel sounds can help you decode unfamiliar words. The letters o-consonant –e, oa, ow, and o can stand for the /o/ sound ex. blow The letters u-consonant-e, ue, ew, u, ui, ou, and oo can stand for the sound /oo/ ex. fruit The letters u-consonant-e, ue, ew, u, and eau can stand for the /yoo/ sound ex. new Ex. The melted or molten, rock is called magma. Lava began flowing down the mountainside; there was another episode of rumbling; Scientists are no longer clueless about what happens; The volcano was spewing ash; In a few short months, life renews itself.

19. 18 Spelling 105G /o/, /oo/, /yoo/ sounds /o/ sound Stole, boast, thrown, stroll bone, toast, thrown, and stroll Vowel patterns are o_e, oa, ow, o /oo/, /yoo/ sound Rule, clue, blew, choose, cruise, and route Rule, clue, blew, tool, cruise, and route Vowel patterns are u_e, ue, ew, oo, ui, ou PB 44

20. 19 Vocabulary Skills 105I Dictionary: Definitions Transparency 1-21 Next to each entry word in the dictionary is at least one definition (explanation of the word’s meaning) A sample sentence is often provided to give an example of the word’s meaning in context. Practice Book 47

21. 20 Grammar Skills 105K Singular Nouns A noun names a person, place, thing, or idea ex. Juan, Texas, truck, beauty Practice book 48 Transparency 1-23 Practice book 48 Transparency 1-23 Plural Nouns To form plural nouns add – s or –es ex. cars If nouns end with an x,s, ch, sh, or ss then add – es ex. glasses If a noun ends with a consonant + y change the y to an i and add –es ex. berries To form the plural of a noun ending in a vowel + y, just add s ex. valleys

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23. 22 More Plural Nouns 105L All the children had their own guidebooks. What are the plural nouns? Rules 1. Some nouns that end with f or fe, the f changes to a v before –s or –es is added. ex. half - halves In nouns that end in o, the plural may be formed by adding either –s or –es. ex. potatoes 2. Some nouns have plural forms that do not end in –s or –es. ex. children 3. Some nouns have the same singular and plural form. ex. deer Trans. 1-24 Practice book 49

24. 23 Homophones 105R Homophones are words that are pronounced the same way but have different meanings and spellings. through and threw would and wood red and read

25. 24 Sentence Fragment Sentence fragments are sentences that are missing a subject or a predicate. Ex. The big, hairy, ugly dog. Ex. Swam all night in the cold, dark pool. A complete sentence needs a subject and a predicate. ex. The dog ran.

26. 25 Analogies 105R Analogies compare one pair of words with another pair. The words in the second pair should be related in the same way as the words in the first pair. Apple is to fruit as red is to color Ground is to walk as water is to swim

27. 26 Science Connections

28. 27 Information and Study Skills Maps and Globes: compass rose- for directions; map key for symbolizing land features; map scale for distances. Political maps: show political divisions Specialized maps may focus on categories such as vegetation or population. Charts are a graphic aid used to compare or contrast things. Tables and graphs Transparency 1-20

29. 28 Information and Study Skills Use tables to find information Use a graph to find information Locate sites and interpret information on map Caption tells more about the table or graph.

30. 29 Spelling Test 1. thrown 2. stole 3. clue 4. dew 5. choose 6. rule 7. boast 8. cruise 9. stroll 10. route 11. mood 12. loaf 13. growth 14. youth 15. slope 16. bruise 17. loose 18. rude 19. flow 20. flute

31. 30 Challenge Words subdue pursuit molten reproach presume

32. 31 Study guide for the test

33. 32 United Streaming Videos Expository writing Long o, oo, yoo sounds Singular and plural nouns Homophones analogies