1. Blood Typing and sex linked traits

2. What makes up our blood?
RED BLOOD CELLS (Erythrocytes) – The most abundant cells in our blood; they are produced in the bone marrow and contain a protein called hemoglobin that carries oxygen to our cells.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS (Leukocytes) – They are part of the immune system and destroy infectious agents called pathogens.
PLASMA – This is the yellowish liquid portion of blood that contains electrolytes, nutrients and vitamins, hormones, clotting factors, and proteins such as antibodies to fight infection.
PLATELETS (Thrombocytes) – The clotting factors that are carried in the plasma; they clot together in a process called coagulation to seal a wound and prevent a loss of blood.

3. Blood Facts
The average adult has about FIVE liters of blood inside of their body, which makes up 7-8% of their body weight.
Blood is living tissue that carries oxygen and nutrients to all parts of the body, and carries carbon dioxide and other waste products back to the lungs, kidneys and liver for disposal. It also fights against infection and helps heal wounds, so we can stay healthy.
There are about one billion red blood cells in two to three drops of blood. For every 600 red blood cells, there are about 40 platelets and one white cell.

4. Genetics of Blood Types
Your blood type is established before you are BORN, by specific GENES inherited from your parents.
You inherit one gene from your MOTHER and one from your FATHER.
These genes determine your blood type by causing proteins called AGGLUTINOGENS to exist on the surface of all of your red blood cells.
Blood types are CODOMINANT.

5. AA or AO = Type A BB or BO = Type B OO = Type O AB = Type AB
What are blood types?
There are 3 genes for blood type: A, B, & O. Since we have 2 alleles, there are 6 possible combinations.
Blood Types
AA or AO = Type A BB or BO = Type B OO = Type O AB = Type AB
PHENOTYPE
(blood type)
GENOTYPE
ANTIGEN ON RBC
DONATE TO
RECEIVE BLOOD FROM A
IAIA or IAi
A, AB
A, O B
IBIB or IBi
B, AB
B, O AB
IAIB
A and B
A, B, AB, and O O ii
None
A, B, AB, O

6. How common is your blood type?
46.1%
38.8%
11.1%
3.9%

7. Rh Factors A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB- O+ O-
Scientists sometimes study Rhesus monkeys to learn more about the human anatomy because there are certain similarities between the two species. While studying Rhesus monkeys, a certain blood protein was discovered. This protein is also present in the blood of some people. Other people, however, do not have the protein.
The presence of the protein, or lack of it, is referred to as the Rh (for Rhesus) factor.
If your blood does contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh positive (Rh+). If your blood does not contain the protein, your blood is said to be Rh negative (Rh-). Rh+ is dominant over Rh-.
A+ A- B+ B- AB+ AB- O+ O-

8. Blood Transfusions O A B AB Who can give you blood?
A blood transfusion is a procedure in which blood is given to a patient through an intravenous (IV) line in one of the blood vessels. Blood transfusions are done to replace blood lost during surgery or a serious injury. A transfusion also may be done if a person’s body can't make blood properly because of an illness.
Universal Donor
Who can give you blood?
People with TYPE O blood are called Universal Donors, because they can give blood to any blood type.
People with TYPE AB blood are called Universal Recipients, because they can receive any blood type.
Rh +  Can receive + or -
Rh -  Can only receive - A B O AB
Universal Recipient

9. Blood Evidence
Blood samples – Can be analyzed to determine blood type and DNA, which can be matched to possible suspects.
Blood droplets – Can be analyzed to give clues to the location of a crime, movement of a victim, and type of weapon.
Blood spatter – Can be analyzed to determine patterns that give investigators clues to how a crime might have happened.

10. Microscopic Views Bird Blood Fish Blood Horse Blood Cat Blood
Dog Blood
Fish Blood
Frog Blood
Snake Blood
Microscopic Views
Human Blood
Horse Blood

11. Chromosomes • There are 23 pairs of human chromosomes (total of 46)
• The first 22 chromosomes are called autosomes
and carry genes for all the physical traits.
• Autosomes –chromosomes not associated with sex
• The 23rd pair are called sex chromosomes and
determine the sex of the human (male or female).
– Sex chromosomes –last pair (determine sex)
• XX – female
• XY – male

13. Sex Determination
• When a male and a female have a child, there is always a 50% chance the child will be female and a 50% chance the child will be male.
• Crossing a Male (XY) with a female (XX) x Y x XX XY x

14. Sex-Linked Inheritance
The X and Y chromosomes are not homologous - the Y chromosome has no corresponding alleles to those on the X chromosome.
For males, recessive alleles
on X chromosome will NOT
have another allele to “mask”
it on the Y

15. Sex Linked Traits
• Trait whose gene is carried only on the X chromosome • Alleles for sex linked traits are written as super scripts on the X chromosome. (The Y chromosome will not carry the allele) • In humans, sex linked disorders are usually passed on from mother to son by a defective gene on the X chromosome. • Examples of sex-linked traits: – Red-Green Color blindness – Hemophilia – Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

16. Color Blindness
Colorblindness – caused by a common X-linked recessive gene
Lack one or more color receptors
Rods – night vision; cones - pigments
Usually genetic
No treatment, but most people adjust

17. Test: Write down what you see.

18. Interpreting Results from Test
Normal
Vision
Left
Middle
Right
Top 6 8 25
Bottom 29 45 56
Color
Blind
Top
Spots 25
Bottom 56

19. Color Blind Practice Problem
• XB= not colorblind
• Xb=colorblind
• Parent Genotypes:
– Male= XB Y
– Female=XB Xb XB Xb XB
XBXB
XBXb
XBY
XbY Y

20. Hemophilia
• Hemophilia is a rare, inherited bleeding disorder in which your blood doesn’t clot normally. • If you have hemophilia, you may bleed for a longer time than others after an injury. • Sometimes people with hemophilia need injections of a clotting factor or factors to stop bleeding. • About 18,000 people in the United States have hemophilia. • Each year, about 400 babies are born with the disorder.

21. Hemophilia Practice Problem
• Cross a normal carrier woman with a normal male. • What are the possible genotypes & phenotypes of their children? H = normal H = hemophilia XH Xh
XHXH
XHXh
XHY
XhY XH Y