1. How to take:

2. Divide the paper into 3 sections A vertical line 5 cm from the left. A horizontal line 5 lines up from the bottom.

3. Heading Write the title and date of the notes. Title Date

4. Take notes during lecture. The large box is for writing notes. Skip a line between slides. Don’t use complete sentences, abbreviate and use symbols when you can. Title Date

5. Study Questions Review your notes after class and write down study questions, key points or vocabulary.

6. Summarize Write a summary at the end of the notes.

7. Study your notes Review your notes. Quiz your self with the study questions. Review your summaries.

8. UNIT 1 Introduction: Scientific Method & Biology Today

9. Scientific Method

10. The Process of Science The word science is derived from a Latin verb meaning “to know.” –Science is a way of knowing. –Science developed from people’s curiosity about themselves and the world around them. Science seeks natural causes for natural phenomena. –This limits the scope of science to the study of structures and processes that we can observe and measure.

11. Verifiable observations and measurements are the data of discovery science. –In biology, discovery science enables us to describe life at its many levels. Discovery Science

12. Hypothesis-Driven Science As a formal process of inquiry, the scientific method consists of a series of steps. –The key element of the scientific method is hypothesis-driven science.

13. A hypothesis is a tentative answer to some question. –It is an explanation on trial. Hypothesis-Driven Science Once a hypothesis is formed, an investigation can test the hypothesis the hypothesis is tested by performing an experiment to see whether results are as predicted.

14. The Scientific Method A series of steps that are used to solve a problem or better understand an event.

16. Observation We can do observations BEFORE conducting an experiment. This allows us to start thinking about what we are seeing.

17. 1. Asking a Question Based on observations; one or more research questions are generated Ex. What is the effect of sunlight on plant growth?

18. More Observation/Research Observe the world using your senses (sight, sound, taste, touch, smell) and research your problem using the internet or books or journals. Inference: involves a judgment or assumption

19. 2. Forming A Hypothesis hypo (less than) thesis (theory) Explanation for what you have seen and recorded in your prior obsevervations. Predict a solution to the problem based on your research. An educated guess a question or statement that can be tested. Ex. If sunlight has an effect on plant growth, then plants will grow larger in the sun because it is needed for photosynthesis.

20. Forming a Hypothesis Continued… 1.Statement is testable if evidence can be collected that either does or doesn’t support it 2.It can never be proven beyond doubt 3.Often must be refined and revised or discarded

21. Predicting To test hypothesis it is necessary to make predictions that logically follows from the hypothesis A statement made in advance that states the results that will be obtained from testing the hypothesis Often in the form of an “if-then” statement

22. 3. Experiment A procedure to test a hypothesis, under controlled conditions – conducting a controlled experiment. It is clear and detailed so another scientist can replicate your experiment. List all materials.

23. Controls & Constants Control group The group or sample that is used as a standard for comparison. Ex. The plant in the dark (compare to plants in different amounts of light).  Constant (controlled variable) The factors in the experiment that need to stay the same between the experimental group and the control. Ex. amount of soil, nutrients, water is the SAME for all plants

24. 24 3 Kinds of Variables 1. Controlled Variable – a variable that is not changed Also called constants Allow for a “fair test” Controls ensure that all variables in the experiment are the same except for the variable being tested.

25. 25 3 Kinds of Variables 2. Independent Variable – something that is changed by the scientist What is tested (the treatment) What is manipulated

26. 26 3 Kinds of Variables 3. Dependent Variable – something that might be affected by the change in the independent variable What is observed What is measured The data collected during the investigation (the result of the treatment)

27. 27 For Example:

28. 28 Students of different ages were given the same jigsaw puzzle to put together. They were timed to see how long it took to finish the puzzle.

29. 29 Identify the variables in this investigation.

30. 30 What was the independent variable? Ages of the students Different ages were tested by the scientist

31. 31 What was the dependent variable? The time it to put the puzzle together The time was observed and measured by the scientist

32. 32 What was a controlled variable? Same puzzle All of the participants were tested with the same puzzle. It would not have been a fair test if some had an easy 30 piece puzzle and some had a harder 500 piece puzzle.

33. 33 Another example:

34. 34 An investigation was done with an electromagnetic system made from a battery and wire wrapped around a nail. Different sizes of nails were used. The number of paper clips the electromagnet could pick up was measured.

35. 35 What are the variables in this investigation?

36. 36 Independent variable: Sizes of nails These were changed by the scientist

37. 37 Dependent variable: Number of paper clips picked up The number of paper clips observed and counted (measured)

38. 38 Controlled variables: Battery, wire, type of nail None of these items were changed

39. 39 One more:

40. 40 The higher the temperature of water, the faster an egg will boil.

41. 41 Independent variable – temperature of water Dependent variable – time to cook an egg Controlled variable – type of egg

42. 42 Last one:

43. 43 The temperature of water was measured at different depths of a pond.

44. 44 Independent variable – depth of the water Dependent variable – temperature Controlled variable – thermometer

45. 45 Designing Investigations

46. 46 The greater the amount of soap in a soap and water mixture, the bigger a soap bubble can be blown. Design an investigation to test this hypothesis. Identify the variables What exactly will be changed? How will it be changed? What exactly will be measured? How will it be measured?

47. 47 The farther a ball drops, the higher it will bounce. Design an investigation to test this hypothesis. Identify the variables What exactly will be changed? How will it be changed? What exactly will be measured? How will it be measured?

48. 48 4. Collecting Data Data: The information collected from an experiment. Data is data, it isn't right or wrong - presented in tables, charts, notes or diagrams. Two Types Quantitative Qualitative

49. Quantitative Data – quantity - measured in numbers Qualitative Data – quality - measured in words (descriptions) Types of Data

50. AND

51. Observation - recognizing and noting some FACT to gather information about the world You make observations using your five senses Observations must be specific and accurate, not relative, so that it means the same to everyone. Example: Incorrect - the burning bag smelled nasty Correct - the burning bag smelled similar to rotten eggs

52. Inference - a possible explanation or guess about an observation Example: you leave the movie theater and see the ground is wet so you infer that it rained.

54. The picture shows the label on a carton of orange juice. Which of these is supported by the information on the label? a.Orange juice turns all vitamins into vitamin C. b.Orange juice provides vitamin C to the body. c.Orange juice removes vitamin C to the body. d.Orange juice cause the body to need vitamin C

55. The table in dictates the amount of time that four different brands of batteries worked in a flashlight. Which of the following statements is supported by this information? A.Brand “A” caused the light to shine farther than the other brands. B.Brand “M” lasts longer than the other brands. C.Brand “ N” gave off a stronger light than the other brands D.Brand “O” is more expensive than the others.

56. An advertisement for a breakfast food states that the product is the “healthiest choice”. Which of these could show that this is a valid claim? A. The bar code B.The nutrition information C.The number of grams D.The pictures on the box

57. The picture shows a bottle of “ Fun Sun Cream ”. Which of these statements indicates how well this product helps prevent skin damage? A.Great for all outdoor activities B.Contains the finest ingredients C.Sun protection factor (SPF) 30 D.Money-back guarantee

58. Q R ST Which of these foods would be the best choice for someone on a low-fat, low sodium diet? A. Q B. R C. S D. T

59. 5. Analyzing Data Make interpretations of data by graphing data, correlating data with facts, using mathematical analysis etc.

60. 60 6. Conclusions & Reporting of Data Report data - put your numbers into words. Answer: What was found out and how do you know it to be true? How did it relate to your hypothesis? Did it support or fail to support?

61. 61 Communication Share the results of their studies with other scientists Publish findings in journals or at scientific meetings Sharing of information is essential to scientific process Subject to examination and verification by other scientists Allows scientists to build on the work of others

62. 62 Analyze process and repeat All valid data is reproducible

63. Forming a Theory A theory may be formed after many related hypotheses have been tested and supported with experimental evidence A broad and comprehensive statement of what is thought to be true Supported by considerable evidence Ties together related hypotheses

64. 64 Theory Explanation supported by a large amount of evidence obtained from many different investigations over a long period of time. Common Misconception: Theory defined as a guess is not the scientific definition. Example: Theory of Evolution

65. 65 Law Generally less complex than theories A theory explains a law. Examples: Law of Gravity, Law of Conservation of Energy, Law of Conservation of Matter

66. Law: A rule of nature that sums up related observations and experimental results to describe a pattern in nature (states WHAT happens). Law of Gravity, Laws of Motion Theory: A logical explanation of WHY or HOW things work the way they do, based on many observations supported by experimental results. Atomic Theory, Big Bang Theory  Theories can serve as explanations of laws!  Both laws and theories can be changed or discarded if new observations show them to be incorrect! Law vs. Theory

67. Measurements We will be using SI (International System of Measurement ) units or metric system when possible --- get use to it --- the WHOLE world uses it except us (USA) Examples: length in meters, volume in liters, temperature in Celsius, mass in grams and time in seconds.

71. Did You Know?

72. We are living in a golden age of biology. –Modern biology is as important as it is inspiring, with exciting breakthroughs changing our very culture. Biology and Society: Living in a Golden Age of Biology

73. Biology is the scientific study of life. The Scope of Life –Life is structured on a size scale ranging from the molecular to the global. –Biology’s scope stretches across the enormous diversity of life on Earth. Biology Bio (life) ology (study of)

74. The phenomenon we call life defies a simple, one- sentence definition There are several characteristics of living things. The Unity of Life Seahorse Camouflage

75. 75 Characteristics of Living Things

76. 76 1. Cells All living things are composed of cells

77. Cells and Their DNA The cell is the lowest level of structure that can perform all activities required for life. –All organisms are composed of cells. Generalized Cell

78. 78 2. Organization / Order Living things are organized All structures have a function There are many MANY ways to look at organization –Molecular organization –Cellular organization –Organ/tissue organization –Gender, size, systems, etc

79. Example: In multicellular organisms cells and groups of cells (tissues) are organized by their function Cells  tissues Tissues  organs Organs  systems Systems  organism

80. Organization Cellular OrganizationSystemic Organization

81. 81 3. Energy All living things use energy in a process called metabolism. The sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism.

82. 82 Energy The ability to do work. Work is anything that causes motion. Work is required to be a living thing. Every living thing uses energy from some of the materials in food as fuel for the functions needed to keep it alive.

83. 83 Autotrophs Organisms that make their own food are called autotrophs – Phototrophs – use solar energy (photosynthesis) to get energy Convert H 2 O and CO 2 into sugar and O2 – Chemotrophs – use different chemical processes to get energy

84. 84 Energy continued Almost all energy comes from the sun (directly or indirectly) Photosynthesis is the process by which some organisms capture the energy from the sun (solar) and transform it into energy (chemical) that can be used by living things

85. 85 Heterotrophs Organisms that must take in food to meet their energy needs are called heterotrophs Consume autotrophs (herbivores), other heterotrophs (carnivores) or both (omnivores) for their energy needs Complex chemicals are broken down and reassembled into chemicals and structures needed by organisms

86. 86 4. Adaptation

87. 87 Adaptation Any structure, behavior, or internal process that enables an organism to respond to stimuli and better survive in an environment. Ability to adapt to their environment through the process of evolution Favorable characteristics are selected for and passed on to offspring

88. Evolution The gradual accumulation of adaptations over time. Change over time.

89. 89 5. Reproduction All species have the ability to reproduce Not essential to survival of individual but is essential for continuation of a species

90. Species A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring Donkey Horse Mule

91. Reproduction All living things have the ability to reproduce and pass on their genetic material (DNA) to their offspring. Living organisms can reproduce asexually or sexually Sexual reproduction involves an egg and sperm. Asexual reproduction takes the form of cloning, budding, root propagation, or self fertilization.

92. 92 Growth is increasing in size over time. Development is changing toward final adult form. 5. Growth & Development

93. 93 6. Respond to the Environment Respond to stimuli in the external environment.

94. Environment An organisms surroundings, which includes the air, water, weather, temperature, and any other organisms in the area.

95. Stimulus A condition in the environment that causes an organism to adjust.

96. 96 Response The reaction to a stimulus.

97. Homeostasis – An example of how your body responses homeo (same) stasis (steady state)

98. 98 Stability and homeostasis Regulation of internal conditions in order to adjust to external environment. Maintain very stable internal conditions Example: temperature 37° hot-perspire  cools cold-shiver  warms Other examples include: water content, chemical content, etc.