1. Deer Feeding DG Pugh DVM MS Dipl ACT & ACVN

2. Ruminants vs Monogastrics Ruminants have a fermentation vat of 4 (sheep, goats, deer, etc) compartments They graze/browse to ‘feed’ bacteria…who digest, or begin the digestive process of forages

4. Ruminants vs Monogastrics WTD ARE NOT PIGS AND SHOULD NOT BE FED LIKE THEM………. or => acidosis, founder, polioencephalomalacia, urinary stones, Clostridium enteritis, etc

5. Feedlot Style High fermentable CHO intake => Acidosis => sick rumen => sick animal + suppressed immune system => Death for acidemia/ toxemia => Pneumonia => poor health => poor reproductive ability

6. Feedlot Style Pen raised WTD predisposed to mal-nutrition due to decreased forage intake And… have decreased immunity to parasites (McCall 1988)

7. Feeding White-Tailed Deer Browsers-/concentrate selectors – select the nutrient rich/dense portion of plants Frequent eaters/browsers Fairly resistant to bloat

8. Feeding White-Tailed Deer Legumes should be the major proportion of the diet & make up much of the natural portions of the diet Browse is part of the natural diet, but not necessarily nutritionally required When allowed to graze, WTD select ~80-90% legumes & 10-20% grass from mixed pastures

9. Energy Forages have less energy per unit vol… and designed by the Lord for the deer Concentrates have more energy per vol…. but are designed by man for what we think is best ??????

10. Energy TDN = total digestible nutrients Great assessing tool for energy content of feeds

11. Body Condition Score Best way to assess ‘energy’ intake – 1-5 scale (1 emaciated, 5 obese) Alberta White-tail & Mule Deer Associations Deer with less body fat and muscle,=> later estrus cycles + lower pregnancy + lower twinning rates And …..a lower probability of becoming pregnant (Tollefson, J Wildlife Management 2010)

12. Focus on assessing and improving quality of forage available in summer and autumn = better BCS = better fertility (Tollefson, J Wildlife Management 2010) Legumes (alfalfa, clover, kudzu, etc) – higher protein, E, Ca, Vitamin A, Ca:P ratio of 6:1 (Offer a mineral with P) Alfalfa Clover

14. Using Forage Based diets Always analyze forage samples The following examples are for specific forage samples… all alfalfa, orchardgrass, Timothy grass, or other samples may not have the same analysis.

15. Females Requirements Fawn early June TDN % CP (%) Ca – P % Mid gestation (Jan-April) 57 12-14 0.5 –0.4 Late gestation (April-May) 59 12-14 0.5 –0.4 Early Lactation Late Lactation Pre Breeding 64 61 14-16 12-14 10-12 0.7 – 0.4 0.6 – 0.4 0.5 – 0.4

16. Doe TDN % CP (%) Ca – P % Mid gestation 57 12-14 0.5 –0.4 Late gestation 59 12-14 0.5 –0.4 Early Lactation Late Lact Pre Breeding 64 61 14-16 12-14 10-12 0.7 – 0.4 0.6 – 0.4 0.5 – 0.4 Alfalfa

17. Feeding the Doe: Gestation CP >14.5 (~) => decrease fertility (lowered insulin & LH; increased uterine ammonia; depressed sperm survivability; depressed CL function) => lowered fawn rates (Jordan JDS 1983;Visek JDS 1984;Ferguson JDS 1986 & 1989) Cottonseed meal ????? Gossypol??????

18. Doe TDN % CP (%) Ca – P % Mid gestation 57 12-14 0.5 –0.4 Late gestation 59 12-14 0.5 –0.4 Early Lactation Late Lact Pre Breeding 64 61 14-16 12-14 10-12 0.7 – 0.4 0.6 – 0.4 0.5 – 0.4 Alfalfa

19. Ca – P % 0.5 –0.4 0.7 – 0.4 0.6 – 0.4 0.5 – 0.4 Fawn early june Mid gestation (Jan-April) Late gestation (April-May) Early Lactation Late Lactation Pre Breeding Alfalfa

20. Timothy Orchard grass Compared to legumes - lower in CP, E, higher in fiber, better Ca:P ratio May meet adults nutrient requirements

21. Doe TDN % CP (%) Ca – P % Mid gestation 57 12-14 0.5 –0.4 Late gestation 59 12-14 0.5 –0.4 Early Lactation Late Lact Pre Breeding 64 61 14-16 12-14 10-12 0.7 – 0.4 0.6 – 0.4 0.5 – 0.4 Timothy

22. Doe TDN % CP (%) Ca – P % Mid gestation 57 12-14 0.5 –0.4 Late gestation 59 12-14 0.5 –0.4 Early Lactation Late Lact Pre Breeding 64 61 14-16 12-14 10-12 0.7 – 0.4 0.6 – 0.4 0.5 – 0.4 Timothy

23. Ca – P % 0.5 –0.4 0.7 – 0.4 0.6 – 0.4 0.5 – 0.4 Fawn early june Mid gestation (Jan-April) Late gestation (April-May) Early Lactation Late Lactation Pre Breeding Timothy Orchardgrass

24. Feeding the WTD Doe BCS of 2.5-3 (1-5) and gaining wt Flushing – good response moderate condition - poor response good to fat does - begin 2 -4 wks pre-breeding=>for 2-4 wks Ex - 2lbs cracked corn/ doe/d

25. BCS: 1 Ribs, vertebrae, pelvic bones and all body prominences are visible from a distance. No discernable body fat Obvious absence of muscle http://www.albertadeer.com/pdfs/AWMDA-Body-ConditionScoring.pdf?PHPSESSID=078174feffa39a9bfb86713ef0707986 Alberta White-tail & Mule Deer Association

26. BCS: 2 Ribs easily palpated and may be visible with no palpable fat. Tops of lumbar vertebrae visible Pelvic bones less prominent Obvious waist and abdomen http://www.albertadeer.com/pdfs/AWMDA-Body- ConditionScoring.pdf?PHPSESSID=078174feffa39a9bfb86713ef0707986 Alberta White-tail & Mule Deer Association

27. Feeding the Doe: Gestation Trimester 1 & 2 => maintenance (BCS 2-3) Trimester 3 => increase CP & E - CP >14.5 (~) increase in pregnancy loss

28. BCS 4: General fleshy appearance Ribs palpable with difficulty Noticeable fat deposits over lumbar spine and tail base Abdominal tuck may be slightly present BCS >3 => potential for dystocia and pregnancy toxicity http://www.albertadeer.com/pdfs/AWMDA-Body- ConditionScoring.pdf?PHPSESSID=078174feffa39a9bfb86713ef0707986 Alberta White-tail & Mule Deer Association

29. Nutrition and Reproduction Puberty keyed to lean/fat ratio – ability to achieve ovulatin of fertilizable ovum…. Puberty is NOT aged based.. Time to puberty is determined by energy balance Puberty 60-66% bw……. ( R Van Saun – Scholar – Proceed SFT 2008) Heavier females have higher ovulatory and conception rates

30. Feeding & Reproduction And they were as fed horses in the morning, everyone neighed after his neighbor’s wife. Jeremiah 5:8

31. Buck Requirements TDN (%) CP (%) Ca – P (%) Maintenance (Jan-March) 51 7-10 0.35 –0.25 Antler growth 55 16 1.4 –0.7 Pre Rut & Rut 60 12-14 0.5 -.4

32. TDN (%) CP (%) Ca – P (%) Maintenance (Jan-March) 51 7-10 0.35 –0.25 Antler growth 55 16 1.4 –0.7 Pre Rut & Rut 60 12-14 0.5 -.4 Buck Requirements Alfalfa

33. Maintenance (Jan-March) Antler growth Pre Rut & Rut Ca – P (%) 0.35 –0.25 1.4 –0.7 0.5 -.4 Alfalfa

34. Buck Requirements TDN (%) CP (%) Ca – P (%) Maintenance (Jan-March) 51 7-10 0.35 –0.25 Antler growth 55 16 1.4 –0.7 Pre Rut & Rut 60 12-14 0.5 -.4 Timothy

35. TDN (%) CP (%) Ca – P (%) Maintenance (Jan-March) 51 7-10 0.35 –0.25 Antler growth 55 16 1.4 –0.7 Pre Rut & Rut 60 12-14 0.5 -.4 Timothy

36. Maintenance (Jan-March) Antler growth Pre Rut & Rut Ca – P (%) 0.35 –0.25 1.4 –0.7 0.5 -.4 Timothy

37. Buck Requirements TDN (%) CP (%) Ca – P (%) Maintenance (Jan-March) 51 7-10 0.35 –0.25 Antler growth 55 16 1.4 –0.7 Pre Rut & Rut 60 12-14 0.5 -.4 Orchardgrass

38. Maintenance (Jan-March) Antler growth Pre Rut & Rut Ca – P (%) 0.35 –0.25 1.4 –0.7 0.5 -.4 Orchardgrass

39. Hay / Forage Analysis in USA Alfalfa – deficient Zn in ~ 63% Bermuda – highest % samples with adequate concentrations of Cu, Mn & Zn Fescue – Cu marginal or deficient on ~ 65% of samples, & Zn in ~ 80%

40. Mineral Nutrition and Parasites Ca (legumes) P (winter forages) S (if browsing & feeding NPN)

41. Juveniles Requirements fawn early June TDN % CP (%) Ca – P % 4-6 mo 68 18-20 0.6 –0.3 7-11 mo 60-62 12-16 0.58 –0.3 12-18 mo 63-65 12-14 0.5 – 0.3

42. Management