1. THE ATOMIC BOMBINGS and THE END OF WORLD WAR II AUGUST – SEPTEMBER, 1945

2. The End of the War Japan Loses Ground: Why? U.S. submarine campaign Massive U.S. bombing campaign Heavy battlefield casualties Desperate measures: “Kamikaze” (Define) campaign “No surrender” on battlefield Homeland defense training U.S. Closes in: How will the war End?

3. The Atomic Bomb When? When? 1942 -1945 1942 -1945 Where? Where? Oak Ridge, Tennessee Oak Ridge, Tennessee Los Alamos, New Mexico Los Alamos, New Mexico Codename: The Manhattan Project Codename: The Manhattan Project Who? Who? Gen. Leslie Groves Gen. Leslie Groves J. Robert Oppenheimer J. Robert Oppenheimer The First Test: The First Test: July 16, 1945 July 16, 1945 Trinity Site, Alamogordo, New Mexico Trinity Site, Alamogordo, New Mexico Success Success

4. THE MANHATTAN PROJECT

5. TRINITY TEST SITE TOWER

6. TRINITY TEST, JULY 16, 1945

7. DETONATION SEQUENCE

8. 10 SEC. AFTER DETONATION

9. DETONATION – FROM DISTANCE DETONATION – FROM DISTANCE

11. To Bomb Or Not To Bomb Why drop the bomb? Prevent an invasion of Japan Prevent the risk of massive casualties End the war more quickly Why Not? Is it ethical? Do we really need to? Do we understand the long-term effects? What do YOU think?

12. THE ATOMIC BOMBINGS When? When? August 6, 1945: Hiroshima August 6, 1945: Hiroshima August 9, 1945: Nagasaki August 9, 1945: Nagasaki Effect? Describe: Effect? Describe: Result? Sept. 2, 1945 – Japan Surrenders Result? Sept. 2, 1945 – Japan Surrenders World War II Ends World War II Ends

13. TIBBETS & SWEENY

14. Major Major Charles Sweeny, U.S. Army A.F., Lead Pilot, Nagasaki Mission

15. NAGASAKI BOMBER B-29 SUPERFORTRESS “BOCKS CAR”

16. AERIAL VIEW - NAGASAKI BEFORE BOMBING

17. AERIAL VIEW – NAGASAKI AFTER BOMBING

18. NAGASAKI NAGASAKI BOMBING BOMBING AUGUST 9 th, AUGUST 9 th, 1945 1945

19. “LITTLE MAN” ATOMIC BOMB

20. “FAT BOY” ATOMIC BOMB

21. TYPES OF ATOM BOMBS Hiroshima Hiroshima “Gun” Bomb “Gun” Bomb Nagasaki Nagasaki “Implosion” Bomb “Implosion” Bomb

22. ATOMIC BOMB FIGURES WW II ATOMIC BOMBS: WW II ATOMIC BOMBS: 1000 TONS OF TNT = 1 “KILOTON” 1000 TONS OF TNT = 1 “KILOTON” WW II BOMBS = 13,000 TONS = 13 KILOTONS WW II BOMBS = 13,000 TONS = 13 KILOTONS 1952 “HYDROGEN” BOMB: 1952 “HYDROGEN” BOMB: 1 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 1 “MEGATON” 1 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 1 “MEGATON” HYDROGEN BOMB = 3 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 3 MEGATONS HYDROGEN BOMB = 3 MIL. TONS OF TNT = 3 MEGATONS 1955: U.S. HAD 30,000+ MEGATONS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONRY 1955: U.S. HAD 30,000+ MEGATONS OF NUCLEAR WEAPONRY ALL EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE USED BY ALL NATIONS IN WWII ADDED TOGETHER = 1.2 MEGATONS ALL EXPLOSIVE ORDNANCE USED BY ALL NATIONS IN WWII ADDED TOGETHER = 1.2 MEGATONS

23. HIROSHIMA – AFTER BOMBING

24. HIROSHIMA HIROSHIMA “SHADOW” “SHADOW”

25. NAGASAKI AFTERMATH

27. NAGASAKI DEAD, 1945 NAGASAKI DEAD, 1945

29. JAPANESE URBAN TARGETS

30. NAGASAKI BLAST RADIUS

31. NAGASAKI BOMB CASUALTIES DISTANCE FROM GROUND ZERO (KM): DISTANCE FROM GROUND ZERO (KM): 0-1.0 km: 88% Killed, 6% Injured, Pop.: 30,900 0-1.0 km: 88% Killed, 6% Injured, Pop.: 30,900 1.0-2.5 km: 34% Killed, 29% Injured, Pop.: 27,700 1.0-2.5 km: 34% Killed, 29% Injured, Pop.: 27,700 2.5-5.0 km: 11% Killed, 10% Injured, Pop.: 115,200 2.5-5.0 km: 11% Killed, 10% Injured, Pop.: 115,200 TOTAL: 22% Killed, 12% Injured,Pop.: 173,800 TOTAL: 22% Killed, 12% Injured,Pop.: 173,800

32. ATOMIC BOMB CASUALTIES

33. BOMBING EFFECTS ON JAPAN

35. 20-KILOTON BLAST ESTIMATE