1. ARTIFICIAL EYE By
U.Sandhya Rani
08A91A04A7

2. INTRODUCTION At present, two general strategies have been pursued.
The “Epiretinal” approach involves a semiconductor-based device placed above the retina, close to or in contact with the nerve fiber layer retinal ganglion cells.
At present, two general strategies have been pursued.
The “Sub retinal” approach involves the electrical stimulation of the inner retina from the sub retinal space by implantation of a semiconductor based micro photo diode array(MPA) into this location.

3. VISUAL SYSTEM Its primary task include transmitting images with a
viewing angle of at least 140deg and resolution of 1 arc min over a limited capacity carrier

4. ANATOMY OF EYE The macula is the highly sensitive area of the retina
The macula is responsible
for our critical focusing vision

5. EYE-CAMERA SIMILARITY
A camera needs a lens and a film to produce an
image. In the same way, the eyeball needs a lens (cornea, crystalline lens, vitreous) to refract,
or focus the light and a film (retina) on which to focus the rays

6. RETINA
Light first enters the optic (or nerve) fiber layer and the ganglion cell layer,
under which most of the nourishing blood vessels of the retina are located.

7. Retinal Diseases
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP)
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
AMD and RP affect at least 30 million people in the world. They are the most common causes of untreatable blindness in developed countries and, currently, there is no effective means of restoring vision.

8. OCULAR IMPLANTS
Ocular implants are those which are placed inside the retina. It aims at the electrical excitation of two dimensional layers of neurons within partly degenerated retinas for restoring vision in blind people.
EPI RETINAL IMPLANTS
SUB RETINAL IMPLANTS

9. The Issues Involved In The Design Of The Retinal Encoder Are:
CHIP DEVELOPMENT
BIOCOMPATIBILITY
RF TELEMETRY AND POWER SYSTEMS

10. SUB RETINAL IMPLANTATION

11. CORTICAL IMPLANTS

12. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
People suffering from low vision to, people who are completely blind will benefit from this project.
Congenital defects in the body, which cannot be fully corrected through surgery, can then be corrected
Future work has to be focused on the optimization and further miniaturization of the implant modules

14. QUERIES