1. 4 - 1 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

2. 4 - 2 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Computer Software Chapter 4

3. 4 - 3 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1.Describe several important trends occurring in computer software. 2.Give examples of several major types of application and system software. 3.Explain the purpose of several popular software packages for end user productivity and collaborative computing. Learning Objectives

4. 4 - 4 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Learning Objectives 4.Outline the functions of an operating system. 5.Describe the main uses of computer programming software, tools, and languages.

5. 4 - 5 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What is Software? Definition: Various kinds of programs used to operate computers and related devices

6. 4 - 6 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Case #1: Writing Software for Processes Microsoft’s Business Solutions Division: Teams formed for different industries Injected industry-specific codes directly into its core software platforms Hired business technology professionals steeped in sector-specific knowledge

7. 4 - 7 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Case #1: Writing Software for Processes Microsoft’s New Strategy: Creating accelerators aimed at business processes common to companies in a given industry Inserting industry-enabling layers to serve the needs of a broad base of companies in a particular sector Seeking partnerships with vendors that have deep industry roots

8. 4 - 8 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Case #1: Writing Software for Processes 1.A common phrase among IT professionals is “The world views its data through Windows”. Why does Microsoft dominate the desktop and networked software market? Visit its website at www.microsoft.com and review its broad range of software products and services to help with your answer.www.microsoft.com

9. 4 - 9 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Case #1: Writing Software for Processes 2.How successful will Microsoft be in competing with software vendors who specialize in vertical market applications like health care, retail, and specialty services? Why? 3.Do you agree with Microsoft’s strategy to develop industry-specific partners to capitalize on opportunities in both large and small business sectors? Is there an advantage or a disadvantage to being one of Microsoft’s partners in this type of relationship? Explain.

10. 4 - 10 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Case #1: Writing Software for Processes 4.Does Microsoft’s entry into industry- specific applications signal the end for smaller industry-specific software developers? What changes in strategy by such developers are necessary to compete with Microsoft?

11. 4 - 11 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Software

12. 4 - 12 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Software Application Software - performs information processing tasks for end users System Software – manages and supports operations of computer systems and networks

13. 4 - 13 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Application Software General-Purpose – programs that perform common information processing jobs for end users Application-Specific – support specific applications of end users in business and other fields

14. 4 - 14 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. How is Software Developed? Custom Software – software applications that are developed within an organization for use by that organization Commercial Off-the-shelf (COTS) Software – software that is developed by a software developer with the intention of selling the software in multiple copies

15. 4 - 15 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. General-Purpose Application Software Software Suites Web Browsers Electronic Mail Word Processing Spreadsheets Database Managers Presentation Graphics Personal Information Managers Groupware

16. 4 - 16 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Software Suites

17. 4 - 17 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Integrated Packages Definition: Combine some of the functions of several programs into one software package

18. 4 - 18 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Graphical User Interface (GUI) Definition: Icons, tool and status bars, menus, and so on, which gives an application its look and feel

19. 4 - 19 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Web Browser Definition: Software interface used to point and click through the hyperlinked resources of the Internet

20. 4 - 20 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Web Browser

21. 4 - 21 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Electronic Mail & Instant Messaging Electronic Mail – software used to send and receive electronic messages and file attachments via the Internet, intranets or extranets Instant Messaging (IM) – software used to send and receive electronic messages instantly to facilitate real time communication and collaboration

22. 4 - 22 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. E-mail

23. 4 - 23 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Word Processing & Desktop Publishing Word Processing – software that supports the creation, editing, revision and printing of documents Desktop Publishing (DTP) – software that supports the production of materials that look professionally published

24. 4 - 24 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Word Processing

25. 4 - 25 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Electronic Spreadsheets Definition: Software that supports the development of electronic worksheets consisting of rows and columns used for business analysis, planning and modeling

26. 4 - 26 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Spreadsheets

27. 4 - 27 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation Graphics Definition: Software that helps convert numeric data into graphics displays and prepare multimedia presentations including graphics, photos, animation, and video clips

28. 4 - 28 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Presentation Software

29. 4 - 29 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Graphics Software

30. 4 - 30 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Video Software

31. 4 - 31 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Personal Information Manager (PIM) Definition: Software for end user productivity and collaboration

32. 4 - 32 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Groupware Definition: Software that helps workgroups and teams work together to accomplish group assignments

33. 4 - 33 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Software Alternatives Purchase Commercial Off-The-Shelf software Application Service Providers – companies that own, operate, and maintain application software and the computer system resources required to offer the use of the application software for a fee as a service over the Internet

34. 4 - 34 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Software Licensing Purchasing the right to use specific software under the terms of the software licensing agreement Protects the vendor’s intellectual property right

35. 4 - 35 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Case #2: New Face of Web Services Web Services: Provide third-party programmers and business partners with access to some data and basic website functionality Independent developers can build applications to satisfy market niches that customers want

36. 4 - 36 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. C Case #2: New Face of Web Services eBay: 40% of items listed for sale on eBay come through its API Amazon: Product Details Search Capabilities Customer Reviews Sales Rankings Wish Lists Registries

37. 4 - 37 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Case #2: New Face of Web Services 1.What are the purpose and business value of Web services? 2.What are the benefits of Web services to Amazon, eBay and their developer partners? 3.What are the business challenges of Web services? Visit the Web services websites of IBM and Microsoft to help with your answer. 4.What can be done to improve the business use of Web services today?

38. 4 - 38 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. System Software System Management Programs – programs that manage the hardware, software, network, and data resources of computer systems during the execution of various information processing jobs of end users System Development Programs – programs that help users develop information system programs and procedures and prepare user programs for computer processing

39. 4 - 39 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Operating System Definition: An integrated system of programs that manages the operations of the CPU, controls the input/output and storage resources and activities of the computer system, and provides various support services as the computer executes the application programs of users

40. 4 - 40 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Operating System Functions

41. 4 - 41 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. User Interface Definition: The part of the operating system that allows you to communicate with it so you can load programs, access files, and accomplish other tasks

42. 4 - 42 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of User Interfaces Command-Driven Menu-Driven Graphical User Interfaces

43. 4 - 43 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Resource Management Definition: Programs to manage the hardware and networking resources of a computer system, including its CPU, memory, secondary storage devices, telecommunications processors, and input/output peripherals

44. 4 - 44 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. File Management Definition: Programs that control the creation, deletion, and access of files of data and programs as well as keeping track of the physical location of files on magnetic disks and other secondary storage devices

45. 4 - 45 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Task Management Definition: Programs that control which task gets access to the CPU and for how much time Multitasking – approach that allows for several computing tasks to be performed in a seemingly simultaneous fashion

46. 4 - 46 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Popular Operating Systems Microsoft Windows UNIX Linux Mac OS X

47. 4 - 47 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Other System Management Programs Performance Monitors – programs that monitor and adjust the performance and usage of one or more computer systems to keep them running efficiently Security Monitors – programs that monitor and control the use of computer systems and provide warning messages and record evidence of unauthorized use of computer resources

48. 4 - 48 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Application Servers Definition: Software which provides an interface between an operating system and application programs of users Middleware – software that helps diverse software applications and networked computer systems exchange data and work together more efficiently

49. 4 - 49 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Programming Language

50. 4 - 50 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Programming Languages

51. 4 - 51 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Machine Languages All program instructions had to be written using binary codes unique to each computer Programmers had to have a detailed knowledge of the internal operations of the specific type of CPU

52. 4 - 52 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Assembler Languages Alphabetic abbreviations and symbols are used to represent operation codes and storage locations Language translator programs are required to convert the instructions into machine instructions

53. 4 - 53 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. High-Level Languages Instructions that use brief statements or arithmetic expressions Each statement generates several machine instructions when translated by compilers or interpreters

54. 4 - 54 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Fourth-Generation Languages Nonprocedural – programmers specify results while computer determines the sequence of instructions that will accomplish those results Natural Language – very close to human language

55. 4 - 55 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Object-Oriented Languages Ties together data element and the procedures or actions that will be performed upon them

56. 4 - 56 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Web Languages HTML – a page description language that creates hypertext or hypermedia documents XML – describes the contents of Web pages by applying identifying tags or contextual labels to the data in Web documents Java – an object-oriented programming language that is simple, secure and platform independent

57. 4 - 57 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. HTML

58. 4 - 58 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Web Services Definition: Software components that are based on a framework of Web and object-oriented standards and technologies for using the Web to electronically link the applications of different user and different computing platforms

59. 4 - 59 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Web Services

60. 4 - 60 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Language Translator Programs Assembler – translates the symbolic instruction codes of programs written in an assembler language into machine language instructions Compiler – translates high-level language statements Interpreter – compiler that translates and executes each statement in a program one at a time

61. 4 - 61 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Programming Tools Graphical Programming Interfaces Programming Editors Debuggers CASE tools

62. 4 - 62 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Case #3: Growth of Linux in Business Statistics: Linux runs almost 15% of all servers Growing at 23% per year Over 10% of IBM mainframe sales run Linux Only 1% of PCs use Linux but 30% of chief technologists were considering moving their companies’ PCs to Linux

63. 4 - 63 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Case #3: Growth of Linux in Business How did Linux get into the mainstream? Low-cost alternative in sagging economy Intel loosened its relationship with Microsoft IBM made an effort to be Linux-compatible Fear of Microsoft gaining a stranglehold on corporate customers

64. 4 - 64 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Case #3: Growth of Linux in Business Open Source: Free Stable Easily fixed if bugs appear

65. 4 - 65 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Case #3: Growth of Linux in Business 1.Should businesses continue to switch to the Linux operating system on servers and mainframes? Why or why not? 2.Should business and consumer PC users switch to Linux PC operating systems like Lindows and software suites like Sun’s Star Office? Why or why not?

66. 4 - 66 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Case #3: Growth of Linux in Business 3.Should the IT departments of companies like Merrill Lynch contribute their software improvements to the open- source community for products like Linux? Explain your reasoning.

67. 4 - 67 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Case #4: Using Java in Business Benefits: Java can run on any hardware or operating systems Easy to modify code as needs expand Networking capabilities reduce the need for remote servers Easy to integrate with middleware and databases

68. 4 - 68 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Case #4: Using Java in Business 1.What are the benefits of Java as a programming language for retail POS applications compared to other programming languages? 2.What are the benefits of Java for the development of e-commerce portals for customers and suppliers like PartsEdge? 3.Why do companies like Mark’s Work Wearhouse frequently team Java with the Linux operating system?

69. 4 - 69 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Summary Computer software consists of applications software that directs the performance of a particular use of computers to meet the information processing needs of users, and system software that controls and supports the operations of a computer system as it performs various information processing tasks.

70. 4 - 70 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Summary Application software includes general-purpose and application-specific categories. General-purpose application programs perform common information processing jobs for end users. Application-specific programs accomplish information processing tasks that support specific business functions.

71. 4 - 71 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Summary System software can be subdivided into system management programs and system development programs. System management programs manage the hardware, software, network, and data resources of a computer system during its execution of information processing jobs. System development programs help IS specialists develop computer programs to support business processes.

72. 4 - 72 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Summary An operating system is an integrated system of programs that supervises the operation of the CPU, controls the input/output and storage functions of the computer system, and provides various support services.

73. 4 - 73 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Summary Programming languages require the use of a variety of programming packages to help programmers develop computer programs, and language translator programs to convert programming language instructions into machine language instruction codes.

74. 4 - 74 Copyright © 2006, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. End of Chapter Chapter 4