2. What is Biology?

3. Biology = the study of life Bio- = life -logy = the study of Concepts, principles and theories that allow people to understand the natural world Biologist = person who studies life

4. Essential Questions in Science –What? –Why? –How?

5. What do Biologist Study? –Interactions of life Living things do not exist in isolation Living things depend on other living things as well as non-living things –Interactions of the environment No species can exist in isolation from the environment around them –Ex. If you study rabbits, you would also study the plants they eat and animals they prey on them –Problems and propose solutions

6. Science v. Pseudoscience Read the Scientific American articles “Drawing the line between science and pseudo-science” As you read, write notes over the distinction between: SciencePseudo-science Also, include examples of Science and Pseudo-science from the article.

7. Science or Pseudoscience

8. Observation v. Inference Observation – Direct method of gathering information in an orderly way –Example – DATA Qualitative – descriptions of things Quantitative – number data Inference – Assumption based on prior experience –The process of combining what you know with what you have learned to make logical conclusions

9. What is an organism? An organism is anything that possesses all the characteristics of life Living things are organized –Living things have structure –All parts function together in an orderly way

10. Characteristics of Life Organization (Cells) - Living things have structure –All parts function together in an orderly way Reproduction – making more organisms of the same kind Growth and Development – living things change during their life Adaptation/Regulation – responding to changes in the organisms surroundings Exchange Gases – Move gases in or out of body (ex. CO 2, O 2 ) Use Energy– Metabolism (release of energy from food) Excretion – eliminating waste materials produced by the organism Movement – all living things move (internal and external)

11. Viruses are not living things. Viruses are complicated assemblies of molecules, including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. On their own they can do nothing until they enter a living cell. Without cells, viruses would not be able to multiply. So how do viruses work? Are viruses living things?

12. Levels of Organization Animation link

13. Atom The atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons.

14. Molecule A group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

15. Organelle An organelle is a specialized subunit within a cell that has a specific function, and is usually separately enclosed within its own lipid bilayer. The name organelle comes from the idea that these structures are to cells what an organ is to the body.

16. Cell The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all known living organisms. It is the smallest unit of life that is classified as a living thing. Is often called the building block of life

17. Tissue A group of biological cells that perform a similar function

18. Organ A collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function

19. Organ System a group of organs that work together to perform a certain task. Examples: circulatory system, the respiratory system, the nervous system, etc.

20. Organism Single individual

21. Population Group of organisms of same species that interbreed and live in the same place at the same time Compete for resources

22. Community Many interacting populations Change in one population causes changes in the others

23. Ecosystem Interacting populations and the abiotic factors Types: Terrestrial Freshwater Saltwater

24. Biosphere The portion of the earth that supports life

25. How do we answer questions about life? –We use the Scientific Method Set of organized steps that help us answer questions about observations that we make

26. Steps of the Scientific Method Observation Research Hypothesis Procedures Experiment Organize Data Make Conclusion Share Results

27. Observation Use your 5(4) senses to notice things around you –See an organism change color –Hear an organism make a sound –Feel the texture on an organism –Smell an odor –Taste – Never taste anything in lab!!! Develop a question based on your observations

28. Research Find out as much as you can about what you observed –Look it up! Computer Books Journals Talk to experts in the field Newspaper TV Prior knowledge

29. Hypothesis Make an educated guess –I stress the word “educated” Your hypothesis is a guess, but it is a guess based on information that you have learned from your research I hypothesize that…..

30. Procedures Write the steps you will use to test your hypothesis –First I will …. –Then I will …. –After that, ….. –Next, …. –Finally, ….

31. Experiment Test your hypothesis using the procedures you have written\ –When you experiment Follow procedures closely Follow safety rules Make observations Record data collected

32. Organize Data Try to make sense out of the data you collected and organize it in a way that tells a story –Make charts, graphs or tables –Look for “trends” in your data

33. Make a Conclusion Determine what your data is telling you. Does your data help to confirm or disprove your hypothesis? Does your data answer your initial question? What does it mean?

34. Share Your Results If you don’t share what you found how will anyone know? It is important for scientist to let others know what they have discovered. Scientist usually publish their research in scientific journals –When scientist publish their research they use a specific format. All scientific journals use the same format

35. What are you doing Friday Night? Use the Scientific Method to go through the steps you would use to figure out what you will do this Friday night. –O–Observation – what is there to do??? –R–Research – find out! –H–Hypothesis – what do you think will happen? –P–Procedures – how will you go about it? –E–Experiment – the actual activity –O–Organize Data – What happened –M–Make Conclusion – Ok, so how did it go? –S–Share Results – You know you will tell all your friends about it…

36. Experimental Variables When you do an experiment you should always be aware of your variables There are three types –Independent Variables –Dependent Variables –Controlled Variables

37. Independent Variables The condition in the experiment that is changed –By changing the independent variable, a scientist can observe or measure the effects of the change Ex. Growing plants You want to determine the effect of water on the growth of a plant, in that case, your independent variable would be water.

38. Dependent Variables Any change that results from the manipulation of the independent variable It’s the thing you measure or collect data on Ex. Growing plants When you change the amount of water that you give the plants (independent variable), the growth of the plant slows down. The dependent variable is the height of the plant or the number of flowers that the plant produces

39. Controlled Variables Also referred to as a “Constant” The standard, the parts of the experiment that are kept the same. Ex. Growing plants You change the amount of water you give the plants (independent variable), but you keep everything else the same, like amount and type of soil, and fertilizer, amount of sunlight, temperature….

40. Experimental Design Experimental Group –The group that receives the change Control Group –The group that remains the same. The original condition

41. Replication in Experiments You can’t determine the effect of less water on a plant if you have only one plant. You must replicate More is always better!

42. What happens when many people come up with the same results? Theory –After a hypothesis has been tested and the same results are obtained many times by many people, a hypothesis may become a theory. Law –After a theory has been tested and the same results are obtained many, many, many times by many, many, many people, a theory may become a law.