1. Feb 23, 20051 Interlingua Annotation of Multilingual Corpora (IAMTC) Project Lori Levin and Teruko Mitamura Language Technologies Institute Carnegie Mellon Univeristy

2. Feb 23, 20052 IAMTC project members Collaboration: New Mexico, Maryland, Columbia, MITRE, CMU, ISI Members: Bonnie Dorr (Maryland) David Farwell (NMSU) Rebecca Green (Maryland) Nizar Habash (Columbia) Stephen Helmreich (NMSU) Eduard Hovy (ISI) Lori Levin (CMU) Keith Miller (MITRE) Teruko Mitamura (CMU) Owen Rambow (Columbia) Flo Reeder (MITRE) Advaith Siddharthan (Columbia)

3. Feb 23, 20053 IL-Annotation Outcomes IL design –Three levels of depth: IL0, IL1, and IL2 Annotation methodology –Manuals, tools, evaluations Annotated parallel texts –Foreign language original and multiple English translations –Foreign languages: Arabic, French, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Spanish

4. Feb 23, 20054 Uniqueness of Annotation Effort Multi-parallel –Three versions of each text Original language and two English translations –Shows multiple surface realizations of the same meaning Multi-lingual –Each text is in at least two languages (English and one other) –The methodology is applied to multi-parallel corpora in six languages. Arabic, French, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Spanish

5. Feb 23, 20055 Motivation Interlingua designed for MT –Multiple English translations of same source show translation divergences. Some phenomena: Lexical level: word changes Syntactic level: phrasing, thematization, nominalization Semantic level: additional/different content Discourse level: multi-clause structure, anaphor Pragmatic level: Speech Acts, implicatures, style, interpersonal Causes of divergence –Genuine ambiguity/vagueness of source meaning –Translator error/reinterpretation

6. Feb 23, 20056 IL Development: Staged, deepening IL0: –Shows simple dependency structure IL1: –Replace open class lexical items with concept names –Replace grammatical relation labels with semantic role labels IL2: (under development) –Separates shared portions and unresolved portions of divergent sentences

7. Feb 23, 20057 Details of IL0 Deep syntactic dependency representation: –Removes auxiliary verbs, determiners, and some function words –Normalizes passives, clefts, etc. –Removes strongly governed prepositions –Includes syntactic roles (Subj, Obj)

8. Feb 23, 20058 Construction of IL0 Dependency parsers Connexor (English), Tapanainen and Jarvinen, 1997 Kabocha (Japanese) Hand-corrected Extensive manual and instructions on IAMTC Wiki website –for English, Spanish, Japanese, and possibly others

9. Feb 23, 20059 Syntactic Variation Resolved at IL0 Passive The gangster killed at least 3 innocent bystanders. At least 3 innocent bystanders were killed by the gangster. Other transitivity alternations

10. Feb 23, 200510 Example of IL0 TrEd, Pajas, 1998 Sheikh Mohammed, who is also the Defense Minister of the United Arab Emirates, announced at the inauguration ceremony that “we want to make Dubai a new trading center”

11. Feb 23, 200511 Example of IL0 Sheikh Mohammed, who is also the Defense Minister of the United Arab Emirates, announced at the inauguration ceremony that “we want to make Dubai a new trading center” announced V Root Mohamed PN Subj Sheikh PN Mod Defense_Minister PN Mod who Pron Subj also Adv Mod of P Mod UAE PN Obj at P Mod ceremony N Obj inauguration N Mod

12. Feb 23, 200512 Details of IL1 Associate open-class lexical items with Omega Ontology items Replace syntactic relations by one of approx. 20 semantic (theta) roles (from Dorr) e.g., AGENT, THEME, GOAL, INSTR… No treatment of prepositions, quantification, negation, time, modality, idioms, proper names, NP-internal structure… Nodes may receive more than one concept –Average: about 1.2

13. Feb 23, 200513 Construction of IL1 TIAMAT annotation tool Manual for converting IL0 to IL1 is available

14. Feb 23, 200514 Syntactic Variation Resolved at IL1 Lexical Synonymy –The toddler sobbed, and he attempted to console her. –The baby wailed, and he tried to comfort her. Thematic Divergence –Bob enjoys playing with his kids. –Playing with his kids pleases Bob.

15. Feb 23, 200515 Example of IL1 Sheikh Mohammed, who is also the Defense Minister of the United Arab Emirates, announced at the inauguration ceremony that “we want to make Dubai a new trading center”

16. Feb 23, 200516 Example of IL1: internal representation The study led them to ask the Czech government to recapitalize CSA at this level. [3, lead, V, lead, Root, LEAD<GET, GUIDE] [2, study, N, study, AGENT, SURVEY<WORK, REPORT] [4, they, N, they, THEME, ---, ---] [6, ask, V, ask, PROPOSITION, ---, ---] [9, government, N, government, GOAL, AUTHORITIES, GOVERNMENTAL-ORGANIZATION] [8, Czech, Adj, Czech, MOD, CZECH~CZECHOSLOVAKIA, ---] [11, recapitalize, V, recapitalize, PROP, CAPITALIZE<SUPPLY, INVEST] [12, csa, N, csa, THEME, AIRLINE<LINE, ---] [16, at, P, value_at, GOAL, ---, ---] [15, level, N, level, ---, DEGREE, MEASURE] [14, this, Det, this, ---, ---, ---] Semantic Roles Concepts from the Omega Ontology

17. Feb 23, 200517 Tiamat: annotation interface For each new sentence: For each word to be annotated (shown with dependents)

18. Feb 23, 200518 Tiamat: annotation interface For each new sentence: Candidate concepts Step 1: find Omega concepts for objects and events

19. Feb 23, 200519 Tiamat: annotation interface (note: similarity to PDT annotation interface) For each new sentence: Candidate concepts Step 1: find Omega concepts for objects and events Step 2: select event frame (theta roles)

20. Feb 23, 200520 Details of IL2 Start capturing meaning: –Handle proper names: one of around 5 classes ( PERSON, LOCATION, TIME, ORGANIZATION… ) –Conversives (buy vs. sell) at the FrameNet level –Non-literal language usage (open the door to customers vs. start doing business) –Extended paraphrases involving syntax, lexicon, grammatical features –Possible incorporation of other ‘standardized’ notations for temporal and spatial expressions Still excluded: –Quantification and negation –Discourse structure –Pragmatics

21. Feb 23, 200521 Variation Resolved at IL2 Morphological Derivation –I was surprised that he destroyed the old house. –I was surprised by his destruction of the old house. Differences in clause subordination –This is Joe’s new car, which he bought in New York. –This is Joe’s new car. He bought it in New York. N-N Compounds –She loves velvet dresses. –She loves dresses made of velvet.

22. Feb 23, 200522 IL2 (continued) Head Switching –Mike Mussina excels at pitching. –Mike Mussina pitches well. –Mike Mussina is a good pitcher. Lexical Conflation –Lindbergh flew across the Atlantic Ocean. –Lindbergh crossed the Atlantic Ocean by plane.

23. Feb 23, 200523 Not normalized Comparitives vs. Superlatives –He’s smarter than everybody else. –He’s the smartest one. Different Sentence Types –Who composed the Brandenburg Concertos? –Tell me who composed the Brandenburg Concertos. Inverse Relationship –Only 20% of the participants arrived on time. –80% of the participants were late. Inference –The Porto player kicked the ball into the net. –The Porto player scored a goal. Viewpoint Variation –Stop getting in the way. –Stop trying to help.

24. Feb 23, 200524 Note from Lori In my version of Powerpoint the color blocks on the next slide don’t line up with the text correctly. I didn’t have time to fix it, so I inserted the other version of the same slide. If you have time to fix the color box version, then you can delete the two slides after that. Otherwise, you can delete the color box version.

25. Feb 23, 200525 Theoretical goal: Getting at meaning Semantically identical K1E1: Starting on January 1 of next year, SK Telecom subscribers can switch to less expensive LG Telecom or KTF. … The Subscribers cannot switch again to another provider for the first 3 months, but they can cancel the switch in 14 days if they are not satisfied with services like voice quality. K1E2: Starting January 1st of next year, customers of SK Telecom can change their service company to LG Telecom or KTF … Once a service company swap has been made, customers are not allowed to change companies again within the first three months, although they can cancel the change anytime within 14 days if problems such as poor call quality are experienced. Semantically equivalent Additional/less information Semantically different: Different information

26. Feb 23, 200526 Getting at Meaning (Two translations of Korean original text) Starting on January 1 of next year, SK Telecom subscribers can switch to less expensive LG Telecom or KTF. … The Subscribers cannot switch again to another provider for the first 3 months, but they can cancel the switch in 14 days if they are not satisfied with services like voice quality. Starting January 1st of next year customers of SK Telecom can change their service company to LG Telecom or KTF … Once a service company swap has been made, customers are not allowed to change companies again within the first three months, although they can cancel the change anytime within 14 days if problems such as poor call quality are experienced.

27. Feb 23, 200527 Color Key Black: same meaning and same expression Green: small syntactic difference Blue: Lexical difference Red: Not contained in the other text Purple: Larger difference. –Need to use some inference to know that the meaning is the same

28. Feb 23, 200528 Getting at meaning (Two translations of a Japanese original text) This year, too, in addition to the birth of Mitsubishi Chemical, which has already been announced, other rather large-scale mergers may continue, and be recorded as a "year of mergers." This year, which has already seen the announcement of the birth of Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation as well as the continuous numbers of big mergers, may too be recorded as the “year of the merger” for all we know. More lexical similarity. More differences in dependency relations.

29. Feb 23, 200529 Common Aspects of Meaning This year, too, in addition to the birth of Mitsubishi Chemical, which has already been announced, other rather large-scale mergers may continue, and be recorded as a "year of mergers.“ This year, which has already seen the announcement of the birth of Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation as well as the continuous numbers of big mergers, may too be recorded as the “year of the merger” for all we know. Big mergers continue this year Mergers continue in addition to the birth of Mitsubishi Chemical Birth of Mitsubishi Chemical Someone announces the birth of Mitsubishi Chemical Someone records this year as the year of the merger

30. Feb 23, 200530 Divergences that can be resolved This year, too, in addition to the birth of Mitsubishi Chemical, which has already been announced, other rather large-scale mergers may continue, and be recorded as a "year of mergers.“ This year, which has already seen the announcement of the birth of Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation as well as the continuous numbers of big mergers, may too be recorded as the “year of the merger” for all we know. Mergers are big Someone announces the birth of Mitsubishi Chemical Someone records something as the year of the merger

31. Feb 23, 200531 Benefits for Other Projects MT Question Answering Summarization Information Retrieval Information Extraction Text Mining Etc.

32. Feb 23, 200532 Approaches to Evaluation Inter-annotator agreement — completed Sentence generation from extracted annotation structure Comparison of interlingual structures (graph comparisons) Ontology growth (or shrinkage) rate (per unit of text) –Competing goals: Addressing coverage gaps (1/3 of open class words marked as having no concept) Omega seems too rich: Hard to distinguish between senses; Granularity of concept selection

33. Feb 23, 200533 Inter-annotator Agreement Is the IL sufficiently defined to permit consistent annotation? –Ontology –Theta-roles –Coverage and precision

34. Feb 23, 200534 Evaluation webpage

35. Feb 23, 200535 Inter-annotator agreement Difficulty is that more than one sense can be selected for a given annotation –Standard kappa does not apply in this case Two alternatives for calculating expected probability of agreement: –Agreement and kappa for positive senses –Agreement and kappa for all senses Both were explored –Positive sense agreement, kappa shown here

36. Feb 23, 200536 Positive agreement annotations Construct a table for each word: –For each annotator and each sense whether or not that sense was selected by that annotator Calculate agreement = Calculate kappa using Monte Carlo simulation of P(E)

37. Feb 23, 200537 Evaluation results – positive examples Annotators who finished 95% of their annotations Annotators who finished 90% of their annotations Annotators who finished 50% of their annotations All annotators A#APAKappaA#APAKappaA#APAKappaA#APAKappa Mikro- kosmos 3.500.74450.74324.420.73100.72966.330.61050.60859.420.45520.4540 Word- Net 6.080.66000.65657.000.65380.65028.330.59820.59419.420.51740.5125 Theta Roles 5.750.53780.50896.580.54920.52108.000.48450.45229.420.39240.3544

38. Feb 23, 200538 All cases count Count 0,0 and 1,1 agreements – T 00, T 11 Count 0,1 and 1,0 disagreements – T 10, T 01 Count number of 0 & 1 for annotators 1 & 2 - A 01, A 11 ; A 02, A 12 Divide all counts by number senses Agreement = T 00 + T 11 Kappa = 2 * ((T 00 * T 11 ) – (T 10 * T 01 )) / ((A 01 * A 12 ) + (A 02 * A 11 )) [marginal prob.]

39. Feb 23, 200539 All Cases Agreement / Kappa Zero-Pairs All cases Exclude zero- pairs AgreeKappaAgreeKappa Theta Roles 78.580.9450.4180.9430.392 WordNet 112.160.8860.5640.8790.534 Mikrokosmos 258.50.8110.5220.7840.433

40. Feb 23, 200540 Annotation Issues 1.Post-annotation consistency checking –Novice annotators may make inconsistent annotations within the same text. –Intra-annotator consistency checking procedure e.g. If two nodes in different sentences are co-indexed, then annotators must ensure that the two nodes carry the same meaning in the context of the two different sentences 2.Post-annotation reconciliation

41. Feb 23, 200541 Post-annotation reconciliation Question: How much can annotators be brought into agreement? Procedure: –Annotator sees all annotations, votes Yes/Maybe/No on each –Annotators then discuss all differences (telephone conf) –Annotators then vote again, independently –We collapse all Yes and Maybe votes, compare them with No to identify all serious disagreement

42. Feb 23, 200542 Results of Reconciliation Annotators derive common methodology Small errors and oversights removed during discussion Inter-annotator agreement improved Serious problems of interpretation or error identified

43. Feb 23, 200543 Annotation across Translations Question: How different are the translations? Procedure: –Annotator sees annotations across both translations, identifies differences of form and meaning –Annotator selects ‘true’ meaning(s) Results (work still in progress): –Impacts ontology richness/conciseness –Improvement in Interlingua representation ‘depth’ –Useful for IL2 design development Observations: –This is very hard work –Methodology unclear: what is seen first, how to show alternatives, what to do with results…

44. Feb 23, 200544 Outcomes—how have we done? IL design –IL0 and IL1 finished –IL2 in the works Annotation methodology –Manuals for IL0 in at least three languages –Manual for converting IL0 to IL1 –Annotation tools for IL0 and IL1 –Evaluation of inter-coder agreement –Procedure for annotator reconciliation Around 144 annotated parallel texts in IL0 and IL1 –Six texts from six different source languages –Two English translations of each text –10-12 annotators for each text

45. Feb 23, 200545 Next Steps Foreign language annotation standards and tools Development of IL2 Addressing coverage gaps (1/3 of open class words marked as having no concept)

46. Feb 23, 200546 Contact information URLs and Wiki pages: –Project website: http://aitc.aitcnet.org/nsf/iamtc/ –PIs: http://sparky.umiacs.umd.edu:8000/IAMTC/IAMTC.wiki –Annotators: http://sparky.umiacs.umd.edu:8000/IAMTC- Annotator/IAMTC-Annotator.wiki Text Annotation: anyone interested to try??? –Download the tools –Download the texts –Have fun (if you’re so inclined!)…

47. Feb 23, 200547 Extra Slides

48. Feb 23, 200548 IAMTC Tasks Interlingua Content Development –Three level design: IL0, IL1, IL2 (and possibly more…) –Linguistic/semantic divergences Noun-noun compound Thematic roles Named entities and Time expressions Conjunctions Ontology reduction Tool Development Evaluation Methodology Annotation of 7 languages