1. DR.Muaid I.Aziz FICMS Otolaryngologist –head &neck surgeon

2.  Anatomy & physiology  Investigation & facial trauma  Epistaxis  Rhinitis  Benign & malignant tumours  All lectures derived from LONGAN TURNERS ( Diseases of the nose, Throat & Ear )

12.  septal cartilage.  maxilla.  vomer.  perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone.

13.  anterior ethmoidal (ophthalmic)  posterior ethmoidal (opththalmic)  sphenopalatine (maxillary)  greater palatine (maxillary)  branch of superior labial (facial)

22.  mainly maintained by the inferior turbinates  In this way the air gets to stream alongside the entire volume of nasal mucosa

23.  a) Humidification: The mucus gel watery layer, that is secreted from the goblet cells (beneath the cilia), forms a kind of watery moving layer on top of the cilia blanket. As the inspired air passes over it, it gets saturated and humidified.

24.  Heating the inspired air also helps the water molecules to move faster, break away and evaporate from the watery layer of mucus on the cilia into the inspired airflow.,so help in humidification. Water molecules heating up Water molecules heating up  Turbinates function like the radiator in a car. As the turbinates are rich in blood vessels, they have the capability (heat or cool) any air that flows around them.

25. : Vestibule tissue with vibrissae.