1. Chapter 22—Section 2
The Enlightenment in Europe
Pages

2. Objectives
1. Explain the ideas of Hobbes and Locke and other Enlightenment philosophers.
2. Describe women and the Enlightenment.
3. Explain the legacy of the Enlightenment

3. The Age of Enlightenment philosophers thought a lot about the responsibilities of individuals and governments toward each other.
What responsibilities do you have as citizens?

4. Two Views on Government
Enlightenment: Intellectual movement that focused on reason and thought. What was powerful was that individuals could solve problems. This movement was also known by another name Age of Reason.

5. Hobbe’s Social Contract
Leviathan (1651) In his work he discussed the gruesome behavior of the English Civil War which convinced him that human beings were naturally selfish and wicked. Without an organized government to keep order, Hobbes said, there would be “war…of every man against every man,” and life would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”

6. Social Contract: He argued to have order people had to hand over their rights to a strong ruler, in exchange they will gain law and order. Bottom line people act in their own self interest. Hobbe’s leaned towards an absolute monarchy in which demanded order and obedience.

7. Locke’s Natural Rights
John Locke: Philosopher who had a different view of human nature. His thoughts that people learn from experience and can improve themselves. He felt that human beings were reasonable and could govern their own affairs and look after the welfare of society. Locke did not agree with absolute monarchy and favored self-government.

8. Locke Continued
Locke felt all people were born free and equal, having three natural rights; life, liberty, and property.
Purpose of government is to protect these rights. If government does not do this, the citizens have the right to overthrow government. His philosophy is the foundation for modern democracy. His ideas inspired struggles for liberty in Europe and the American colonies.

9. The Philosophes Advocate Reason
France reached Enlightenment in the mid- 1700s. Paris was the meeting place for politics and ideas. This time period is known as philosophes: French word for philosophers. The philosophes believed that people could apply reason to all aspect of life. The five areas of their core beliefs: Reason, Nature, Happiness, Progress, and Liberty.

10. Voltaire Combats Intolerance
Voltaire: brilliant and had great influence on the philosophes. Over the course of time he published 70 books of political essays, philosophy, and drama. Voltaire used satire in his writings, attacking clergy, aristocracy, and the government. He made enemies and was sent to prison two times. He was finally exiled to England for two years. He never lost sight or fighting for religious freedom, tolerance, and freedom of speech. His famous quote: “I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death you right to say it.”

11. Montesquieu and the Separation of Powers
Montesquieu: French writer who devoted his life to study of liberty. In his own opinion Britain was best governed and most politically balanced for his time.
Executive: King and his ministers had the power
Legislative: members of Parliament who made laws
Judicial: interpreted the laws to see how each applied to a specific case.
Separation of Powers: division of power in the different branches.

12. On the Spirit of Laws (1748): Book written by Montesquieu proposing separation of powers would keep an individual or group from seizing total power. He wrote, “should be a check to power.” This would become known as checks and balances.
His ideas of separation of powers and checks and balances will become the basis for the U.S. Constitution.

13. Rousseau: Champion of Freedom
Jean Jacques Rousseau: he was committed to the idea of individual freedom. He disagreed with the other philosophes on many matters. He argued that civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness. He said, “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”
The Social Contract (1762): He believed that government formed by the people and guided by the “general will” of society.
His was different from Hobbes. Hobbes, the social contract was an agreement between a society and its government. Rousseau, it was an agreement between free individuals to create a society and government.
His ideas inspired the French Revolution to overthrow the monarchy in He believed in direct democracy and all people were equal and titles of nobility abolished.

14. Beccaria Promotes Criminal Justice
Beccaria: Italian philosophe who concentrated his efforts in regard to the justice system. He believed that laws existed to maintain social order, not to avenge crimes. He did not believe in capital punishment. He criticized the judicial system which included, torturing witnesses and suspects, irregular proceedings in trials, and punishments that were arbitrary or cruel.
Believed in a speedy trial and torture should never be used. His ideas influenced criminal law reformers in Europe and North America.

15. State of Nature
Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau all discussed the state of nature, or human nature, in their philosophies. This referred to the way humans behaved before the structures of society existed. Hobbes thought this state of nature was self- centered and brutish. Locke believed humans were naturally reasonable and able to make decisions Rousseau thought they were happiest when solitary.

16. Women and the Enlightenment
Traditional views of women still remained the same, even though philosophes were changing about government and society. Rousseau was very progressive about education, but women were to remain in the traditional education role of being helpful wife and mother. Some men argued that women should have education and equality in the marriage.

17. Continued
A Serious Proposal to the Ladies: 1694, written by English writer Mary Astell. The book discussed the lack of educational opportunities for women. In her later writings she discussed the unequal relationship between men and women in marriage.
Mary Wollstonecraft: In 1792, she published an essay called A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, She disagreed with Rousseau that women, like men need education to become virtuous and useful. She also thought women should pursue careers in medicine and politics.
Emilie du Chatelet: was educated about the sciences trained in math and physics. She translated Newton’s work from Latin into French.

18. Illustrating Enlightenment Ideas
Task: Creating posters to illustrate quotations from the section two.
Purpose: To improve students’ understanding of Enlightenment ideas
Instructions: You will be organized into small groups and each group will be given a quote from the section.

19. Thomas Hobbes: Without governments, there would be “war…of every man against every man.”
Voltaire: “ I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death you right to say it.”
Baron de Montesquieu: “Power should be a check to power.”
Jean Jacques Rousseau: “Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains.”
Mary Astell: “ If absolute sovereignty be not necessary in a state, how comes it to be so in a family?...If all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves?”

20. Instructions
Each group will copy its quote onto your poster and create an image to illustrate it.
Groups will present their poster to the class.

21. Legacy of the Enlightenment
Enlightenment produced three long term effects that helped shaped Western Civilization:
Belief in Progress: with the Scientific Revolution, Philosophes urged more democratic style of government.
A More Secular Outlook: during the Age of Enlightenment people started questioning their religious beliefs and the teachings of the church.
Importance of the Individual: rise of individualism, as people turned away from the church and royalty for guidance, they looked at their own self-interest.

22. Project Overview
Type a brief overview or summary of your project here.

23. Research 1st bullet point 2nd bullet point 3rd bullet point
Summarize your research here in three to five bullet points:
1st bullet point
2nd bullet point
3rd bullet point
4th bullet point
5th bullet point
The sun is in the center of all orbits
There are smaller planets closer to the sun
There is a mix of planet sizes further away

24. Variables Planet Mass Period of rotation Distance from the sun Mercury
Controlled variables: These are the things that are kept the same throughout your experiments.
Independent variable: The one variable that you purposely change and test.
Dependent variable: The measure of change observed because of the independent variable. It is important to decide how you are going to measure the change.
Planet
Mass
Period of rotation
Distance from the sun
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune

25. Works Cited
Be sure to include print and electronic sources and put them in alphabetical order.