1. Essential reading: SPINČIĆ, A., PRITCHARD, B, An English Textbook For Marine Engineers 2, Pomorski fakultet, Rijeka 2009. LUZER, J., SPINČIĆ, A., Gramatička vježbenica engleskog jezika za pomorce, Pomorski fakultet, Rijeka 2003. Tomislav Skračić, MA Undergraduate English Course for MARINE ENGINEERS 4th Semester

2. LESSON 6 CYLINDER HEAD AND VALVES

3. Lesson 6 Cylinder Head and Valves

4. EXERCISE 1 – Fill the blanks in the following sentences with the right verb in its active or passive voice: accommodate, admit, clamp, come, enter, make, remove, seal, subject, tighten. 1.The cylinder covers ___________ of special cast-iron and each ____________ to the top of the cylinder liners by heavy studs. 2.The nut of the stud must ____________ up simultaneously by hydraulic jacks. 3.In order to ____________ off the combustion chamber a metal ring is provided. 4.Joints of copper or soft iron ____________ a good seal. 5.Rubber rings are fitted in the lower end of the cylinder liner to prevent oil to _________ in contact with water.

5. EXERCISE 1 – Fill the blanks in the following sentences with the right verb in its active or passive voice: accommodate, admit, clamp, come, enter, make, remove, seal, subject, tighten. 6.In the four-stroke medium-speed engines each cover ____________ 2 air inlet valves, 2 exhaust valves, 1 fuel valve, 1 starting air valve and 1 safety valve. 7.The valves are installed in housing with the result that they _____________ without lifting the cylinder head. 8.As the cylinder head _____________ to high temperature stresses, much attention has been given to efficient cooling. 9.Nearly always the cooling water ______________ to the lower end of the cylinder jacket, where the cylinder wall temperature is moderate, then it _____________ the cylinder head through special guide tubes.

6. 1)to loosen the studs 2)gas seal 3)to fit the valves to the cylinder head 4)injector placed centrally 5)gas exhaust 6)inlet pipe 7)the cooling water leaves the head at the highest point 8)wall heated by high-temperature gases 9)cross scavenging EXERCISE 2 – Give the opposites to the boldface words and use them in your own sentences:

7.  In the engine it is essential to ensure that the bearings carrying the crankshaft are in good alignment.  Several designs of high output engines have cylinder liners with deep flanges in which a large number of small passages are drilled to carry the coolant close to the cylinder bore.  Each cylinder is closed by a separate cylinder head which carries the injector and the valves.  The studs carry the firing loads and at the same time provide the forces which hold together the seal between the head and the liner.  That ship was designed to carry liquid petroleum gas at very low temperatures. Verb CARRY – Study the meaning of the verb CARRY in the following sentences:

8. As it appears from the previous examples the verb TO CARRY has several distinct meanings:  Support (nositi, podupirati),  Conduct (voditi, odvoditi),  Have (imati, nalaziti se),  Sustain, bear (podnijeti, preuzimati),  Transfer, transport (prenositi, prevoziti).

9. 1)Copper carries electricity better than iron does. ( __________ ) 2)The cylinder covers of the M.A.N. engines consist of two parts: the lower part, made of cast steel, carries the openings for fuel valve arranged vertically in the centre. ( __________ ) 3)The engine frame consists of short column of cast iron, which carries the cylinder block. ( __________ ) 4)All the major tensile loads are carried by the tie bolts. ( _____ ) 5)The rod has a bore throughout its length which carries oil from the large end to the small end for lubrication and cooling. ( __________ ) EXERCISE 3 – Give the exact meaning of the verb CARRY by selecting a suitable synonym (conduct, have, support, sustain, transfer, transport, bear...)

10. 6)A turbocharger is basically two wheels connected by a shaft. Both wheels carry vanes which make them act like fans. ( __________ ) 7)In the ring belt region, a thick wall is needed to carry the heat. ( __________ ) 8)The old “Star Dragon” has been converted to carry containers. ( __________ ) 9)The top ring carries the greatest load because it is operated at highest pressure and temperature. ( __________ ) EXERCISE 3 – Give the exact meaning of the verb CARRY by selecting a suitable synonym (conduct, have, support, sustain, transfer, transport, bear...)

11. The upper walls of the piston are thick not only to withstand the gas pressure but also to ____________ the heat transferred to the piston crown by the burning gases. In some designs cooling of the piston is ____________ by splashing lubricating oil on the underside of the crown. The oil is supplied from the crankcase and ____________ a passage bored in the connecting rod. Pistons are fitted with rings at the bottom of the skirt to scrape the excess oil off the liner so that it is ____________ again into the crankcase. These oil- control rings prevent surplus oil from being ____________ into combustion chamber where it would burn incompletely and form carbon. At the same time rings allow sufficient oil to be ____________ the upper part of the liner during the upstroke to lubricate the piston surface. EXERCISE 4 – Fill in the blanks with the correct from of the verb TO CARRY combined with a suitable preposition or adverb: to, through, up, out, away, down.

12. The upper walls of the piston are thick not only to withstand the gas pressure but also to carry away the heat transferred to the piston crown by the burning gases. In some designs cooling of the piston is carried out by splashing lubricating oil on the underside of the crown. The oil is supplied from the crankcase and carried through a passage bored in the connecting rod. Pistons are fitted with rings at the bottom of the skirt to scrape the excess oil off the liner so that it is carried down again into the crankcase. These oil-control rings prevent surplus oil from being carried up into combustion chamber where it would burn incompletely and form carbon. At the same time rings allow sufficient oil to be carried to the upper part of the liner during the upstroke to lubricate the piston surface. EXERCISE 4 – KEY

13. Example: The inlet valve closes at the end of the suction stroke.  When does the inlet valve close? EXERCISE 5 – Ask questions to which the boldface parts of the following sentences are replies. Begin each question with How? What? When? Where? or Why? 1.The link between the piston and the connecting rod is the gudgeon pin. 2.In the cylinder the gases expand during the firing or the power stroke. 3.The cooling of the piston is carried out by circulating lubricating oil.

14. 4.The simplest means of carrying out the cooling of the piston is by splash or spray. 5.Compression occurs after the cylinder has been filled with air. 6.A compression plate or shim is interposed between the foot and the box of the rod large end. 7.Pistons can also be made in aluminium alloy so that they can keep the weight down. 8.In the “marine” type design the rod large end consists of a separate bearing box. 9.On the bedplate is mounted the casting termed the column. 10.In order to seal off the combustion chamber a metallic joint is placed between the cylinder head and the liner. 11.When worn out the liner must be replaced. 12.At the end of the stroke the exhaust gas leaves the cylinder.

15. 1.Na glavi motora se nalaze ubrizgač i ventili. 2.Sile koje se stvaraju izgaranjem u komori cilindra prenose se sa stapa putem ojnice na koljenastu osovinu i glavne ležajeve. 3.Vijci ne smiju trpjeti preveliko opterećenje. 4.Da bi se izvršilo konačno pritezanje vijaka, valja koristiti moment-ključ. 5.Kod dvotaktnih motora s ispiranjem zrakom ubrizgač je smješten sa strane tako da se gorivo ubrizgava tangencijalno. EXERCISE 6 – Translate into English: