1. LATIN AMERICAN REVOLUTIONS & CONSOLIDATION Chapter 25 Packet

2. AGE OF REVOLUTIONS: 1750-1850 Only outside events inspired revolutionary cooperation among Latin AmericansOnly outside events inspired revolutionary cooperation among Latin Americans –American Revolution –French Revolution –Napoleon’s invasion of Spain & Portugal Caribbean Crucible Saint DomingueSaint Domingue –L’Overture led 1 st successful slave rebellion: Haiti born –Significance of event depends on social class

3. Sp. American Independence (1750-1850) northern South Americanorthern South America –Simon Bolivar & creoles led long bloody wars to free much of region & create unified Gran Colombia →Most: (1) create representational gov after flirting with monarchy, (2) creoles key to success

4. Political Fragmentation (1750-1850) Political & class conflict undermined egalitarian idealsPolitical & class conflict undermined egalitarian ideals Fragmentation inevitable despite attempts at unionsFragmentation inevitable despite attempts at unions –Geographic barriers, economic competition, regional & political rivalries, poor infrastructure Caudillos & military commandersCaudillos & military commanders –Inspired loyalty of various groups via cults of personality –Contributed to instability by making power grabs

5. Latin American Economies (1750-1850) Latin America sought clear diplomatic sovereignty from former colonial powersLatin America sought clear diplomatic sovereignty from former colonial powers –Only Britain capable of assuring this (although Monroe Doctrine tried) –In exchange, Latin America opens to trade –Damages local industry & promotes dependence Wars for independence & poor infrastructure led to a stagnant economy in early 1800sWars for independence & poor infrastructure led to a stagnant economy in early 1800s Early liberal reforms were undermined by weak economy & conservative opposition to vast changeEarly liberal reforms were undermined by weak economy & conservative opposition to vast change

6. Mexico (1750-1850) : MexicoMexico –Started by Father Hidalgo but lost Creole support –Iturbide & creoles pickup revolutionary mantle, winning independence, but neglecting social reforms Social problems, poverty, political tension remainedSocial problems, poverty, political tension remained Santa Anna: despotic caudillo, father of politicsSanta Anna: despotic caudillo, father of politics –American manifest destiny challenged landholdings & caused Mexican-American War (lost 5% of population, 50% of land & economy potential)

7. Brazilian Independence (1750-1850): Achieved freedom differently despite commonalitiesAchieved freedom differently despite commonalities –Growing economy strengthens middle-class demands Napoleon’s invasion causes royalty to flee to BrazilNapoleon’s invasion causes royalty to flee to Brazil After Napoleon’s defeat royalty leaves, but Prince Pedro remains to gov BrazilAfter Napoleon’s defeat royalty leaves, but Prince Pedro remains to gov Brazil –Quickly led short war for independence → did not upset existing social order

8. CONSOLIDATION: 1850-1914 Economy Rising demand in industrialized West led to economic boom at end of period in Latin AmerRising demand in industrialized West led to economic boom at end of period in Latin Amer High profits possible, but dependent on outside market conditionsHigh profits possible, but dependent on outside market conditions Growth led to foreign investmentGrowth led to foreign investment

9. Government (1850-1914) Liberal promotion of limited gov created union of elites & middle-class at expense of peasantsLiberal promotion of limited gov created union of elites & middle-class at expense of peasants Foreign investment limited policy options w/ EuropeForeign investment limited policy options w/ Europe

10. Culture (1850-1914) ElitesElites –Art heavily influenced by Europe –Creoles dominated gov Mass cultureMass culture –Women subordinate in heavily patriarchal culture –Racial divisions strong despite outlawing –Art was largely unaffected by elites

11. Mexico (1850-1914) : Instability Juarez: liberal reformerJuarez: liberal reformer –Curtailed church & military, reformed land ownership, caused conservative response Maximilian: foreign royal made emperorMaximilian: foreign royal made emperor –Resented due to foreign heritage & lack of legitimacy Diaz: dictatorDiaz: dictator –Economy transformed using strong gov –Landowners & middle-class profit at expense of poor –Foreign influence & social tension spark 1910 revolution

12. Brazil (1850-1914) : Empire to Republic Stability from colonial traditionsStability from colonial traditions Changes disrupt traditions & stabilityChanges disrupt traditions & stability –Political tension b/t liberals & conservatives –Coffee transforms economy & intensifies slavery –Middle-class, immigration, & modernized plantations undermine slavery Monarchy, stability, & peasant support wither with new ideas and economic hardshipMonarchy, stability, & peasant support wither with new ideas and economic hardship

13. GLOBAL CONNECTIONS Latin America followed Atlantic revolutionary trends, while running against current of European empire buildingLatin America followed Atlantic revolutionary trends, while running against current of European empire building Historical systems & colonial legacies strongHistorical systems & colonial legacies strong –Culturally & Politically European –yet, Economic Dependency Serves as preview of decolonization in other parts of worldServes as preview of decolonization in other parts of world

14. Question Slide What common problems arose throughout the period in a newly independent Latin America? What problem do you think is most fundamental to the region’s issues? Why?