1. Dissecting the Health Professions with Sociological Precision Barret Michalec, PhD Department of Sociology University of Delaware

2. Areas of Research Interest Doctor-Patient Interactions Experiences of Health & Illness Professionalization & Socialization in the Health Professions Disparities in Health and Health Care Team-Oriented Health Care Delivery

3. “Learning to Cure, Learning to Care: The Role of Empathy in Preclinical Medical Education” 2-year pseudo-ethnography Professionalization/Socialization, Stress: how does it impact empathy, other attributes Key Findings: – Loss of empathy as early as the first year of med school – “Shedding” of Empathy – “Knowledge Gap” – Current Work: “Stunting the Growth of Professionalism: The Potency and Durability of the Hidden Curriculum within Medical Education” w/ Fred Hafferty (Mayo)

4. “Exploring Potential Changes in Attributes and Attitudes among Undergraduate Nursing Students” Study at UD School of Nursing, w/ Cynthia Diefenbeck GUR Funded Socialization/Professionalization Processes, Stress, Personal Attributes – Loss of Empathy, Compassion Fatigue, Burnout Was it happening early/could it be detected early?

5. “Exploring Potential Changes in Attributes and Attitudes among Undergraduate Nursing Students” Preliminary Findings: – No significant decrease in Empathy, or increase in Burnout or Compassion Fatigue among 3 rd and 4 th year students – Compared to 1 st & 2 nd year students, 3 rd & 4 th year students report significantly less Negative Impact from Stressors, less Burnout, and less Compassion Fatigue and significantly higher Sense of Accomplishment Resilience against Burnout, Sense of Accomplishment – but where does this go? Need to better understand transition from student  professional – Interviews  no “knowledge gap”, self-actualization (professional and personal level), “Nurses eat their young”

6. “Facilitators & Barriers to Engaging Primary Care Practices in Research” W/ Heather Bittner-Fagan and Brian Rahmer from Christiana Care Health System Series of Focus Groups Particular aspects are important (Research Topic, Contact, Time, TRAINING, etc.) but “How” and “Why” are they important Dr. Bittner-Fagen using results to construct a template for future researchers looking to engage Clinical research

7. “The Longitudinal Impact of IPE: A Mixed-Methods Approach” Jefferson’s “Health Mentor Program”, 2 year IPE program 6 different health professions: Med, Nursing, PT, OT, Pharm, Couple & Fam Therapy Evaluation of: Program Overall, Students’ Perceptions of IPE, Students’ Perceptions of other health professions, Students’ understanding of team-based health care delivery – Anticipatory socialization, stereotypes of other health professions, culture of IPE 7 Year study: 3 year follow-up to see how it may “play out” in professional realm

8. “The Path Less Taken: The Experiences of Black Pre- Medical Students” Understanding health disparities from new approach Benefits of diverse health care work force – Race concordance in care, MUAs, diversity in education Barriers/hurdles  But how are they experienced Pilot Study (Spring 2012): 8 focus groups – Use data for future UDRF, foundation grant, or even R21 – Dave Usher (NUCLEUS)

9. Future Work Team-Based Approach to Health Care: Does it Impact Health Care Professionals? – How does it impact the health those within the system Interviews, observations, cortisol readings – Continuum: Team – Hierarchical – Sapolsky’s work with baboons