1. HIGHER HISTORY: The Wars of Independence 1286-1328 Issue 1: The succession problem in Scotland from 1286-92. I.The problems caused by the death of Alexander III II.The reasons for the Scots ’ appeal to Edward. III.Edward ’ s resolution of the Great Cause Issue 2: The relationship between John Balliol and Edward I. I.John Balliol ’ s difficulties in ruling Scotland II.Scottish responses to Edward ’ s overlordship III.Edward ’ s subjugation of the Scots in 1296 Issue 3: Scottish resistance to Edward I, 1296-1305. I.The growth of Scottish resistance to Edward, 1296-7 II.The changing military balance between Scotland and England, 1298-1301 III.The crushing of Scottish resistance by Edward, 1301-5 Issue 4: The reasons for the ultimate success of Bruce in maintaining Scotland ’ s independence. I.The opposition of many Scots to Robert Bruce II.Robert Bruce ’ s abilities as a military leader III.The methods used by Bruce to attain the peace settlement made with England in 1328

2. HIGHER HISTORY: The Wars of Independence 1286-1328 Issue 1: The succession problem in Scotland from 1286-92 I.The problems caused by the death of Alexander III II.The reasons for the Scots ’ appeal to Edward III.Edward ’ s resolution of the Great Cause

3. HIGHER HISTORY: The Wars of Independence 1286-1328 Problems caused by the death of Alexander III in 1286 Fear of Civil war between Bruce and Balliol factions Margaret, Maid of Norway, chosen as queen but she is a child and a female Guardians had to be chosen carefully to rule Scotland in Margaret's name until she was old enough-she could be overthrown or kidnapped easily A suitable husband had to be found for the Margaret Scots Nobles initially failed to agree on heir to the throne despite twice meeting at Scone Alexander III children had died before him leaving no clear heir to the throne Problems caused by the death of the Maid in 1290 There is no clear and apparent heir to the throne of the Kingdom Need for someone powerful to keep the Scottish nobles in check and decide upon new King, Edward demanded overlordship to adjudicate on succession Treaty of Birgham, with all its guarantees for Scottish sovereignty and independence is null and void Fear of Civil war between Bruce and Balliol factions arises once again

4. Sub issue 2The reasons for the Scots’ appeal to Edward. HIGHER HISTORY: The Wars of Independence 1286-1328 Maid of Norway died on reaching Orkney causing the succession crisis. Bishop Fraser believes that Edward should come to an understanding with Balliol, and this is the only way to avoid civil war. The Earls of Mar and Atholl were collecting their army, which further led to fear of civil war. Scots were looking for Edward I to arbitrate between the two competitors. Fear that the guardianship would collapse. Alexander had had a good working relationship with Edward I of England. Edward I had a reputation as a statesman. Fraser’s letter led to a reaction from the Bruce faction: letter of the seven earls. Balliol was also manoeuvring for the crown, he had established a close relationship with Bishop Bek, Edward’s chief representative in Scotland. Desire of Edward to revive English claims of overlordship. The majority of Scots looked kindly on Edward’s intervention, at least at the beginning.

5. Sub issue 3Edward’s resolution of the Great Cause Edward’s demands at Norham Details of the Great Cause and the competitors The reasons behind Edward’s decision HIGHER HISTORY: The Wars of Independence 1286-1328

6. Issue 2: The relationship between John Balliol and Edward I I.John Balliol ’ s difficulties in ruling Scotland II.Scottish responses to Edward ’ s overlordship III.Edward ’ s subjugation of the Scots in 1296

7. HIGHER HISTORY: The Wars of Independence 1286-1328 Edward I also demanded feudal military forces from Scotland to go to war against France in 1294, this showed that Edward regarded King John like one of his regional Barons and expected him to do military service for him. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KING JOHN AND EDWARD I John was forced by Edward to swear loyalty and fealty to Edward on several occasions for the King’s lands in Scotland as Edward sought to impose his superiority as feudal overlord. Edward’s final humiliation of King John when he stripped him of Kingship and ripped his royal emblem from his robes. This idea of Edward being the highest judge on cases involving Scots was shown with the MacDuff case and when Roger Bartholomew successfully took a case to Edward’s Court in 1292 and shows how John’s judgements were superseded by Edward on a number of occassions. John was imprisoned in the Tower of London and sent in exile to his families lands in France. Edward believed he had the feudal right to do this.

8. Scottish responses to Edward ’ s overlordship

9. Edward ’ s subjugation of the Scots in 1296 that the subjugation of the Scots was complete in 1296 with the vast majority of the Scots clergy and nobility stamping their seals on a document declaring their loyalty to Edward I, this became known as the “Ragman Roll”. Edward further subjugated the Scots in 1296 by removing from Scotland artefacts, like the Stone of Destiny, and papers relating to the kingdom to show that he was in full control of the country and government. Edward removed the title of the King of Scots from John Balliol. This was one of the final acts of Edward’s subjugation as it ensured Scotland had no king and no succession Edward’s army destroyed the Scots at the Battle of Dunbar and captured many leading nobles. This ensured the success of Edward’s subjugation as the Scots lost the political and psychological will to resist Edward. Scotland was subjugated easily in 1296 because many of the Scottish nobles failed to support Balliol and chose to remain outside the fight or sided with Edward I. Robert the Bruce the competitor sided with Edward at this time as he had lands in England. Edward began his subjugation of Scotland by besieging and then sacking Berwick and putting thousands of men, women and children to the sword.

10. HIGHER HISTORY: The Wars of Independence 1286-1328 Issue 3: Scottish resistance to Edward I, 1296-1305 I.The growth of Scottish resistance to Edward, 1296-7 II.The changing military balance between Scotland and England, 1298-1301 III.The crushing of Scottish resistance by Edward, 1301-5

11. 1.Murder of Sheriff of Lanark-May 1297 2.Southern Rebellion- May to July 1297, Noble uprising in South- West capitulated at Irvine on 7 th July 3.Wallace and Sir William Douglas raided Dumfriesshire and then attacked Ormesby at Scone 4.Northern Rebellion-May 1297, Sir Andrew Murray captured Inverness, Urquhart, Nairn and Banff, no English north of Tay by summer of 1297 5.Moray joins with Wallace at Dundee in August 1297 and call themselves “Commanders of the Armies of Scotland” 6.Defeat of English forces at the Battle of Stirling Bridge- 11 th September 1297 7.Wallace and Murray appointed Guardians in the name of King John- Sep 1297 Scottish resistance to Edward I, 1296-1297

12. 1.Taking back of Scots Castles 1297-1298- all except Berwick and Roxburgh 2.Scots raids on Newcastle and Carlisle- Early 1298 3.The Battle of Falkirk-22 nd July 1298- Scots army routed but Nobles did not capitulate as readily as they had after their last defeat in the field at Dunbar in 1296 which showed that the Scots still had some effective military power 4.John Comyn and Robert Bruce become Guardians-heads of two of the most powerful families in Scotland showing that the Scots nobility was still keen to stand up against the English 5.John Comyn and John Soules become Guardians in1300 after resignation of Bruce. Leading Scots Nobles were no longer presenting a united military front 6.Bruce resigns in 1300 and joins with Edward in 1302 7.Caerlaverock Castle, a strategic stronghold, is captured in 1300 by Edward as he campaigned in the south west of Scotland Changing Military Balance, 1298-1301

13. 1301 -Edward I and son campaign in Southern Scotland 1302- 9 month truce between Scots and Edward May 1303 - Battle of Roslin, English defeated during a night raid May 1303 - English sign teaty with French King and Scotland left isolated June 1303 - Edward I invades Scotland May to July 1304- Siege of and then surrender of Stirling Castle Summer 1304-Scots nobles surrender to Edward-except Wallace and Soules August 1305-Wallace betrayed, captured, transported to London and executed gf The Crushing of Scottish resistance-1301-1305

14. Issue 4: The reasons for the ultimate success of Bruce in maintaining Scotland ’ s independence I.The opposition of many Scots to Robert Bruce II.Robert Bruce ’ s abilities as a military leader III.The methods used by Bruce to attain the peace settlement made with England in 1328

15. HIGHER HISTORY: The Wars of Independence 1286-1328 Explain the opposition of many Scots to Robert Bruce Comyn family opposed to him because of murder of John Comyn of Badenoch Many nobles still supported Balliol’s claim to the Scottish throne and see Bruce as a usurper Bruce had killed Comyn in a church. This was an offence against God himself Bruce had changed sides on a number of occasions and had given allegiance to Edward and acted as a Guardian of Scotland Bruce’s brutality during the civil war led to loss of support, Herschip of Buchan

16. HIGHER HISTORY: The Wars of Independence 1286-1328 Describe Robert Bruce ’ s abilities as a military leader Use of guerrilla tactics meant he could outmanoeuvre larger English forces and force them to retire for lack of supplies Knew that he had to destroy castles rather than hold them during the civil war to stay mobile Able to draw the English forces into land that he had prepared for battle at Loudon Hill, 1307 Managed to mastermind the defeat of the powerful Comyn family in Scotland and win the Civil war Prepared the ground and trained the Scottish army to fight together and win against superior English forces at Bannockburn Winning of duel against De Bohun showed his skill as a warrior and further inspired his men

17. HIGHER HISTORY: The Wars of Independence 1286-1328 Explain the methods used by Bruce to attain the peace settlement made with England in 1328 Winning of Battle of Bannockburn Declaration of Arbroath used to get political support from papacy Invasion attempts by Edward II in 1322 and 1323 hampered by Scots invading Northern England and attacking Carlisle Regular raids and destruction of the North of England to force a settlement-1315, 16 and 18 Opening of a second front in Ireland led by Edward Bruce to put pressure on Edward II Retaking of all Scots castles and then Berwick by 1318 Further raids and avoidance of all out battle with English in the field 1327-28