1. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Alan Brinkley, AMERICAN HISTORY 12/e Chapter Two: Transplantations and Borderlands

2. The Early Chesapeake The Early Chesapeake –The Founding of Jamestown –The London Company funded the expedition of 144 men on 3 different ships, only 104 survived the trip. –Selected location along the James River for strategic defensive position –Hot, humid, swampy area where malaria outbreaks were common. –Powerful local Chief Powhatan also controlled the areas surrounding.

3. Jamestown All men, adventure seekers, and looking for go ld All men, adventure seekers, and looking for go ld –Neglected to grow crops or find gold, only 38 survived first year. John Smith John Smith –Stepped forward to provide leadership and organization to commit the colony to survival. –Raided native villages for food and supplies as well as kidnapped natives to learn the land. Captain John Smith (Portrait Gallery)

4. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc The Starving Time The Starving Time Winter of 1609 natives retaliated from Smith’s raids, killed their livestock and barricaded them in their palisade. Winter of 1609 natives retaliated from Smith’s raids, killed their livestock and barricaded them in their palisade. By spring only 60 of the near 500 people sent by the Virginia Co. were left. By spring only 60 of the near 500 people sent by the Virginia Co. were left. Arrival of Lord De La Warr Arrival of Lord De La Warr Bringing supply ship up the coast and agreed to stay and reorganize the colony. Bringing supply ship up the coast and agreed to stay and reorganize the colony. Became first governor of the colony and installed strict discipline regimen. Became first governor of the colony and installed strict discipline regimen.

5. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Tobacco John Rolfe John Rolfe –Jamestown planter, experimented with plant already grown by local natives. –Cash crop that proved prosperous for both colonists and investors. –Rather than gold, Jamestown was saved by tobacco.

6. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Chapter Two: Expansion Needed more land Needed more land –Tobacco is tough on the soil and farmers constantly needed more land –They moved further away from settlement and infringed on native territories. –Sir Thomas Dale’s War with natives to control lands –Dale kidnapped Powhatan’s daughter, Pocahontas –John Rolfe married her and she converted to Christianity when he wouldn’t agree to the ransom

7. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Turbulent Virginia By 1660’s Virginia had grown to roughly 40,000 citizens and inhabitants. By 1660’s Virginia had grown to roughly 40,000 citizens and inhabitants. –Colonial government was dominated by small group of wealthy led by William Berkeley –Bacon’s Rebellion –Nathaniel Bacon, wealthy Cambridge Graduate –Purchased large farm in Virginia back country and represented them in Berkeley’s group. –When Berkeley refused to aid western farmers in revolts, Bacon led group on attacks against Berkeley. –Bacon died of dysentery and Berkeley retained control.

8. Impact of Bacon’s Rebellion Revealed white settlers’ disrespect for agreements with natives, and native upset Revealed white settlers’ disrespect for agreements with natives, and native upset More importantly More importantly –Most of Bacon’s followers were former indentured servants and landless poor who resented upper class land owners. –Proved that the indentured servant system should diminish and encouraged development of the slave trade. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

9. Maryland and the Calverts Founded by George Calvert – Lord Baltimore Founded by George Calvert – Lord Baltimore –A converted Catholic who assumed the land for real estate opportunities and religious freedom. –Proprietary Rule –The Calverts assumed complete and absolute control free from the king for an annual fee. –Befriended natives and received help, unlike Jamestown. –Calverts needed people to make the colony prosper –Exercised religious tolerance and invited Protestants, who eventually outnumbered them.

10. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc The Growth of New England The Plymouth Plantation The Plymouth Plantation –Puritan Separatists illegally went to Holland for religious tolerance, soon left though –Received permission from Virginia group to go to Jamestown as long as they agreed to “peaceably carry themselves”. –Left in September and arrived in November –Short of supplies and poor weather, they missed their landing point and decided to settle along present day Cape Cod.

11. Plymouth Named after the port they set sail from in England. Named after the port they set sail from in England. Had no legal basis to be that far North Had no legal basis to be that far North Mayflower Compact Mayflower Compact –Document signed before they landed establishing a civil government and proclaiming allegiance to the king Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

12. Growth of Plymouth The Role of Natives The Role of Natives –Natives around area were weak from disease and had to get along with settlers unlike natives surrounding Jamestown. –Actually helped teach Pilgrims plant crops and hunt the native animals. –Squanto: had been captured and taken to England years before, served as translator and guide. –Roughly 13 years later the natives would contract Smallpox and nearly wipe out the population. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

13. The Massachusetts Bay Experiment Political and religious turmoil in England Political and religious turmoil in England Charles I disbanded Parliament and oppressed Protestants, Puritans in particular Charles I disbanded Parliament and oppressed Protestants, Puritans in particular Massachusetts Bay Company – puritan merchants obtained a grant from the kind to develop the Massachusetts region occupied by the pilgrims. Massachusetts Bay Company – puritan merchants obtained a grant from the kind to develop the Massachusetts region occupied by the pilgrims. According to the charter, “freemen” were to meet as general court and adopt rules. Eventually this changed to only include citizens. According to the charter, “freemen” were to meet as general court and adopt rules. Eventually this changed to only include citizens. Massachusetts: Massachusetts: John Winthrop dominated Massachusetts law, city on a hill John Winthrop dominated Massachusetts law, city on a hill Could only become citizen if you were a member of the church, the line between church and state grew thin. Could only become citizen if you were a member of the church, the line between church and state grew thin.

14. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson  Roger Williams:  a devout Separatist, felt that Massachusetts should break from church of England.  Also felt there should be a separation between church and state to protect the church from outside influences.  They banished him and he survived by living with the Narragansett Indians.  Founded Rhode Island with the idea of complete religious toleration.

15. Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson Anne Hutchinson: Anne Hutchinson: –Argued that Clergy who were not among the “elect” shouldn’t be able to hold office in Massachusetts. –Basically: she felt some were using the church as a means to gain political power. –Also was seen as hostile to predominant Puritan views on the role of women, differential wife and mother, not powerful religious and political. –She was banished and moved to Rhode Island with her family. –Three years later, John Wheelwright – a follower of Hutchinson, led a group to populate the colony of New Hampshire. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

16. Changing Culture with Natives Importance of Indian Assistance Importance of Indian Assistance –Initially weaker tribes taught them to farm and hunt –Overhunting led to decline of available wildlife –Need for more cultivated lands led settlers to migrate to Connecticut Valley. –Natives there were more numerous and powerful.

17. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc The Pequot War and King Philip’s War The Pequot War The Pequot War –Settlers aligned with Mohegan and Narragansett natives against the more powerful Pequots over control of fur trade and land. –Cpt. John Mason set fire to Pequot village and burned most of the tribe. –Those who tried to escape were either killed or sold into slavery.

18. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc The Pequot War and King Philip’s War King Philip’s War King Philip’s War –Metacomet and Wamponoags felt English intrusion of their lands and culture – they attacked and raided Massachusetts settlements for 3 years. –Settlers forged alliance with local Mohawks –While they attacked native villages, the Mohawks ambushed and killed Metacomet. –Settlers paraded his severed head through Boston. –Without Metacomet native resistance weakened. –English technology like the flintlock generally led them to hold advantage in any subsequent conflict with natives.

19. Oliver Cromwell (Portrait Gallery) The English Civil War Origins Origins –Charles I – intolerant English ruler, dissolved Parliament. –7 year war between Cavaliers supporting the King and Roundheads led by Oliver Cromwell. –Beheaded Charles, Cromwell took over as Lord and Protector. –Cromwell dies 10 years later and Charles II retains throne.

20. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc The Restoration Colonies Charles II rewarded supporters with charters for lands in America. Charles II rewarded supporters with charters for lands in America. Often gave them more freedom than before to control without consent Often gave them more freedom than before to control without consent of the King. Virginia and Carolina, 1638 (Royalty-Free / CORBIS)

21. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc The Carolinas Fundamental Constitution for Carolina: Fundamental Constitution for Carolina: Developed in part by John Locke Developed in part by John Locke Elaborate system of land distribution and social order. Elaborate system of land distribution and social order. South Carolina vs. North Carolina South Carolina vs. North Carolina North Carolina consisted of mainly backwoods small time farmers. North Carolina consisted of mainly backwoods small time farmers. South Carolina had more fertile land and better harbors that allowed development of strong aristocracy. South Carolina had more fertile land and better harbors that allowed development of strong aristocracy. Conflict between the two would eventually lead the king to divide Carolina into 2 separate colonies in 1719. Conflict between the two would eventually lead the king to divide Carolina into 2 separate colonies in 1719.

22. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Mid-Atlantic Colonies New York New York –Charles II granted charter to his brother James to extend from Connecticut to Delaware Rivers. –Most of the land already belonged to Dutch –With some conflict the English forced Dutch to surrender and granted them assurance they would allow them to stay. –New York was perhaps the most diverse of the colonies. –Wealthy Dutch patrons and English Lords controlled the colony, but it became center of much trade.

23. Mid-Atlantic Colonies New Jersey New Jersey –James initially gave part of his charter to political allies. They renamed their new territory after their birth place, New Jersey. –After arguments about control stifled growth, the crown reclaimed control of the colony. –New Jersey developed much like New York  Diverse cultural groups, but no wealthy upper class like New York. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

24. Mid-Atlantic Colonies Pennsylvania Pennsylvania –The Quakers –Extremely radical part of Separatist movement, non- traditional rules and functions. –William Penn, son of a well respected Navy Admiral, converted to the Quaker faith, along with a number who wanted to start their own colony free of ridicule. –Upon his father’s death the king granted him land between New York and Maryland to pay off debts. –Penn advertised real estate extremely well, encouraged people of all faiths to come to Pennsylvania and use fertile land.

25. Copyright ©2007 by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc Pennsylvania Cont. Pennsylvania Wealth and Progress Pennsylvania Wealth and Progress –Penn believed land belonged to natives, tried to reimburse them as often as possible –Few conflicts with natives as result. –More than any other colony, PA prospered from the very onset. –Penn never saw much of the wealth and died imprisoned and poor back in England. –Charter of Liberties –Before returning to England, Penn signed the document which gave representation to all people in the colony –Opened the door for people of Delaware to start own colony  The Society of Friends  William Penn  Pennsylvania Founded  Charter of Liberties