1. Beowulf and the Monomyth (The Hero's Journey) The History of England and English World Literature Mr. Brennan

2. History of England What do you know about …the history of England? …the history of the English language? Do-Now

3. SWBAT explain the tumultuous past of England, and identify the various influences on the development of the English language. 1. Mini-Lecture: —Anglo-Saxons and the Conquest of England 2. Mini-Lecture: —English: A Developing Language 3. Activity: Word Origin Exercise Learning Objective AGENDA Complete the Word Origin Exercise Homework Reminders

4. The Celts

5. The Celts were tribal societies originating from Iron Age Europe (c. 800-600 BC) who spoke Celtic languages By mid 1st millennium AD, following the expansion of the Roman Empire and the Great Migrations (Migration Period) of Germanic peoples, Celts became restricted to Ireland and northern Britain Britons took over Britain (or England) Gaels settled on what is now Ireland

6. The Romans In 55 BC, Romans under Julius Caesar invade Britain Invasion continued over the next 100 years until the Romans established rule Brought Christianity (and Latin) officially by Emperor Constantine in A.D. 415 Roman rule lasted more than 300 years Rome fell to Barbarian tribes (pagan) in A.D. 476 but Celts remained Christian

7. Germanic Invation Germanic peoples are an Indo-European ethno-linguistic group of N. European, identified by their use of the Germanic languages Evidence suggests a common culture dwelt in a region defined by the Nordic Bronze Age between 1700—600 BC The Angles, Saxons, and Jutes were the Germanic tribes which began invading the Briton’s on present day England between 400—500 A.D.

8. Germanic Invasions of Britain (Post-Roman Empire) Anglo-Saxon Period Begins

9. Anglo-Saxons Began invading from Germany in 400s as the Roman Empire diminished Mainly farmers and fishermen looking for better land Romans brought Christianity to England and eventually converted the Anglo-Saxon (spreading Latin) Brought a warrior culture, seafaring tradition, pagan beliefs, and a fatalist view of the world

10. Norman Conquest As the Viking Age came to a close, there was relative peace in England from 886- 1066. In the 1060s, King William from Normandy began to oust the Anglo-Saxons and take their lands. Led to the Battle of Hastings (1066)where Normans defeated the Anglo-Saxons. Normans (“North men”) were descendent of Vikings who invaded France in 800s Normans replaced native ruling class with a foreign French-speaking monarchy Normans helped establish feudal system in England (exchanging property for personal service)

11. English: A Developing Language Early written texts in Britain were in LATIN; as English was considered ‘vulgar’ and the language of the common people MAJOR PERIODS OF ENGLISH: Old English (449-1100) – Norse, Celtic, Germanic and Latin Middle English (1100-1500) – Combined Old English w/ elements of French from the Normans Early Modern English (1500-1650) – Alt. vowel pronunciation (e.g. ough) Present Day English (1650-present) – Standardized spelling and pronouns (thoug  you) What language did Shakespeare write?

12. How do you pronounce “ough”? 1. Ought – awt (so, “enough” would be…) 2. Enough – enuf (so, “thorough” would be…) 3. Thorough - thoro (so, “through” would be…) 4. Through – throo (so, “trough” would be…) 5. Trough – troff (Confused yet?) There are actually 8 ways to pronounce the phoneme “ough”

13. Word Origins The English language is filled with words that have come from other languages: Shampoo – Hip – Paper – Slemputrous – Hindi West African Egyptian Mr. Brennan

14. English in the US Today English continues to develop In the US alone, there are as many as 24 dialects spoken. However, there is no formally accepted standard of English in the US.

15. Your Task Look up the origins of each word listed in the table on Dictionary.com Add a word of your choosing to the blank cell in the table and record its origin