2. Biology Objective 3 Demonstrate an understanding of the interdependence of organisms and the environment.

3. Biomes Identified by biotic and abiotic factors Biotic – what kinds of plants and animals live in it. Abiotic – Nonliving characteristics such as soil type, rainfall amounts, and average temperature cycles.

4. Name the Biome Desert Temperate Forest Tundra Tiaga Tropical Rainforest Grasslands

5. All energy on the earth comes from the sun.

6. 18 Energy used by producers in a grassland food web is provided by- F sunlight G photosynthesis H oxygen J carbon dioxide

7. Energy Diagrams At one end of the diagram are plants. They are called producers since they are capable of turning sunlight into food by photosynthesis. They pass 10% of the energy they absorb to animals that eat them.

8. Consumers 1 st Order Consumers eat only plants and are also called herbivores. 2 nd Order Consumers eat only animals and are called carnivores. 3 rd Order Consumers animals that eat other animals, they are also known as carnivores

9. 39 Wolves and hawks are at the same trophic level because they — A both live on land B are both large mammals C both eat primary consumers D have similar hunting patterns Trophic level Means 1 st, 2 nd or 3 rd Order Consumer

10. 10% Energy Rule – Only 10% of the energy moves up to the next trophic level. Decomposers

11. 43 Approximately how much of the energy available in the tissues of the producer is eventually incorporated into the tissues of a secondary consumer? A Less than 1% B Between 20% and 30% C Approximately 50% D More than 50% If we apply the 10% rule, 10% of the 1000 kcal of the plant is consumed or 100 kcal, and 10% of that is 10 kcal which is 1% of the original 1000kcal, but only 3 kcal is available to the tissues so it is A.

12. Food Chain – One of many feeding relationships in a community Arrows in a food chain show the direction of energy flow. This is not the only feeding relationship for these organisms. When several or all of the food relationships are shown it’s a...

13. Food Web

14. Food Webs Food webs attempt to show all the feeding relationships in a community. The direction of the arrows shows the direction of energy flow. At the bottom of every web and every chain is a plant. These are the only things that can turn sunshine into food.

15. 37 Which of these groups of organisms would most likely have accumulated the largest concentration of a long-lasting chemical pollutant in their bodies? A Phytoplankton B Zooplankton C Lake trout D Gulls Since the Gulls are at the top of the food web, they would have the highest accumulation of everything but energy.

16. Predator and Prey Prey are the animals that are eaten as a food source for the... Predator This is the hunter animal. The population of the predator must be less than the prey or they do not have enough food.

17. Water Cycle Precipitation (rain and snow) fall on plants and ground. Plants respire and evaporate water back into clouds. The ground filters the water run-off into the lakes where it evaporates again.

18. 21 The diagram shows physical changes that occur in the water cycle. Which of these shows condensation? A Q B R C S D T Precipitation Run Off of ground water Evaporation

19. Carbon Cycle Glucose C 6 H 12 O 6 is produced by plants, eaten by animals. Photosynthesis Animals and plants exhale CO 2 which is taken in by plants to make glucose Cellular Respiration

20. Nitrogen Cycle Lightening and bacteria in the ground “fix” Nitrogen into a form usable by plants. It is absorbed by plants, through their roots as nitrates, so they can be used to build amino acids essential for building proteins, enzymes and the nitrogen bases of DNA.

21. Nitrogen Cycle

22. Rock Cycle

23. Evolution: The process of change over time. There are natural variations in all populations. As climate changes occur, and as pressures in terms of food, space, shelter and predation occur, some variations allow a species to survive. The members who survive, reproduce causing the change to become a characteristic of the species.

24. Speciation: Separation into new species. Geographic isolation can cause two different natural variations to become prominent causing 2 separate species. Reproductive isolation can have the same effect.

25. What is extinction and what causes it? A population is extinct when the last of that species is dead. Example: There are no more dinosaurs. What happened? Their habitat was destroyed. When they no longer have what they need to live, they die.

26. Fossils These are imprints or remains of living things. In undisturbed layers of sedimentary rock, the deeper it is, the older it is. Give us information about extinct species.

27. Homologous vs. Analogous Structures Homologous means they have the same origin, but may be different now. Example, the upper arm bones in dogs, cows, cats and monkeys. Analogous means they have the same function but come from different origins. Example, bird wings and wings of bats.