1. Unit 1: The World A Living Planet

2. The Earth Inside and Out

3. Earth’s Structure Inside Earth: – Core: center, iron and nickel Inside = solid; outside = liquid – Mantle: outside of the core, has multiple layers and contains most of the earth’s mass Magma: molten rock – Crust: thin layer of rock at earth’s surface

4. Earth’s Structure On and Above Earth: – Atmosphere: layer of gases surrounding the earth – Lithosphere: solid rock portion of the earth’s surface uppermost mantle and crust Seafloor – Hydrosphere: all the oceans, seas, rivers, lake, and water in the atmosphere – Biosphere: part of earth where plants and animals live.

6. Earth’s Continents

7. How Has the Earth Changed? Continental Drift – Alfred Wegener (1912) – Earth was once a supercontinent that divided and drifted apart over millions of years

8. Bodies of Water and Landforms

9. Bodies of Water Hydrologic cycle- continuous circulation of water between atmosphere, oceans, and earth.

10. Bodies of Water Lakes, rivers, streams – Drainage basin-area drained by a major river and its tributaries – Ground water-water held in pores of rock – Water table- level at which the rock is saturated Rise or fall depending on amount of precipitation in the region

11. Landforms Naturally formed features on the surface of the earth – Examples???

14. Landforms Oceanic – Continental shelf- edge of a continent to the deep part of the ocean Ridges, valleys, canyons, plains, mountain ranges

15. Forces Shaping the Earth

16. Plate Tectonics Enormous moving pieces of the earth’s lithosphere

17. Plate Tectonics Divergent boundary-plates move apart, spreading horizontally Convergent boundary- plates collide, causing either one to dive under the other or the edges of both to crumple Transform boundary- plates slide past one another

19. Earthquakes As plates grind past at a fault, earthquakes happen. – Measure using seismograph – Richter Scale: determines strength The point directly above the focus of the earthquake is the epicenter

20. Tsunami Caused by earthquakes, giant wave in the ocean 50-100 feet tall

21. Volcanoes Magma, gasses, water from lower part of the crust collect in underground chambers Magma pours out of a crack in the earth’s surface – Lava

22. Weathering Physical and chemical processes that change the characteristics of rock – Breaks down rocks into smaller pieces: sediment Mud, silt, sand Mechanical Weathering – Physical, does not change the composition of the rock, just the size Chemical Weathering – Rock is changed into a new substance due to reactions w/ elements in air or water

23. Erosion Weathered material is moved by wind, water, ice, gravity

24. Building Soil Loose mixture of weathered rock, organic matter, air, and water that supports plant growth Soil factors: – Parent material – Relief – Organisms – Climate – Time