1. A VISION FOR RELAY SERVICES AND INTEROPERABILITY Christian Vogler, PhD Director, Technology Access Program Gallaudet University

2. Purpose of this talk What this talk is about A vision for extending the principle of functional equivalence to global telecommunications and new forms of telecommunications Technologies and standards issues What this talk is not about Policies needed to make this vision happen Legal frameworks Funding

3. Functional Equivalence An attempt at a definition: Can deaf* people use telecommunication services in the same unrestricted manner and at the same costs as hearing people? * deaf is meant to include deaf-blind, hard of hearing, and people with speech disabilities, as well here

4. Call Scenarios What do hearing people take for granted in telecommunications?

5. Call Scenario: Same Country Alice (h) Bob (h)

6. Call Scenario: International Alice (h) Carl (h)

7. Call Scenario: Roaming/Travel Alice (h) Carl (h)

8. Call Scenarios Lets see what deaf people can do Need to consider both relay and point-to-point Why: principle of familiarity – should be able to use common equipment for everyday and emergency communications Remember: this is about technology Some countries have additional policy restrictions

9. Deaf Call Scenario: Same Country Dan (d) Alice (h) TRS TRS = Telecommunications Relay System – here: all forms of relay *Assumes integration of deaf users equipment into telephone numbering system, a.k.a Ten-Digit-Numbering. (currently only US, and partially UK) *

10. Deaf Call Scenario: Same Country Dan (d) Emily (d) Point-to-point: Works mostly, but not uniformly (and some countries better than others)

11. Deaf Call Scenario: International (I) Dan (d) Carl (h) TRS * Call is routed through relay in Dans country, in Dans language *Assumes integration of deaf users equipment into telephone numbering system

12. Deaf Call Scenario: International (II) Dan (d) Carl (h) TRS * Call is routed through relay in Carls country, in Carls language *Does not work with integration into telephone numbering system

13. Deaf Call Scenario: International (III) Emily (d) Frank (d) Point-to-point: Does not work with same equipment as used for relay calls

14. Call Scenario: Roaming/Travel Emily (d) Carl (h) TRS Call is routed through relay in Emilys country, in Emilys language Works only if Emily can use her own equipment (and connection is not impeded or impaired). Does not work if Emily borrows equipment in Carls country.

15. What is Missing? Voice calls (hearing side) are interoperable Global standards for landline, mobile, and interconnected VoIP Relay calls (deaf side) are not interoperable Codecs and protocols (H.263, H.264, H.323, SIP, proprietary, …) Call setup (i.e. how do I dial the call?) Lack of interoperability with mainstream VoIP equipment (here: also includes video and text over IP)

16. Codecs and protocols Need standards for codecs and protocols: Video, audio, text, images Must meet functional performance requirements for communication E.g. sign language communication requires minimal frame rate, resolution Recovery from network problems may be different from current practice in mainstream VoIP Must work across environments (e.g. Internet, IMS, and next-generation emergency) Should be compatible with mainstream equipment (may I borrow your videophone?)

17. Call Setup Need standards for call setup: Connecting to relay provider and point to point Integration into the mainstream telecommunications network (i.e., 10-digit numbering or equivalent) Related policy question: who assigns – relay or telecommunications carrier? Passing hearing partys number to relay service (i.e. I can dial and dont have to fingerspell it) All this must work when roaming

18. Supplemental Services Standards for interacting with supplemental services: Voicemail, Videomail (i.e., can deaf caller leave a message, can hearing caller leave a message, point-to-point messages?) Call alerting (i.e. how are deaf people notified of an incoming call?) Others?

19. Looking Ahead: Teleconferencing This is what currently works: Alice (h) Bob (h) Carl (h) Dan (d) Emily (d) Frank (d) Audio bridge TRS A TRS B TRS C

20. Looking Ahead: Teleconferencing Not functionally equivalent Hearing parties can hear one another Deaf parties cannot see one another Double translation – from Dan to TRS A, and from TRS B/C to Emily/Frank Degrades accuracy and quality Introduces additional unacceptable lag Wasteful Availability of relay operators already cannot meet demand Separate interpreters need to be paid, even if they use the same language and communication modality

21. Looking Ahead: Teleconferencing This is what we need: Alice (h) Bob (h) Carl (h) Dan (d) Emily (d) Frank (d) Multimedia bridge TRS

22. Looking ahead: Teleconferencing Relay services need to track emerging standards for interoperable teleconferencing systems Note: In the US, interoperable teleconferencing systems are required by law and recent FCC rules to be accessible under the Advanced Communication Services provision of the 21 st Century Communications and Video Accessibility Act

23. Areas that Need Attention Next-generation emergency services E.g. REACH 112, NG-9-1-1 The switch to mobile telephony On LTE calls will be IP-based Unclear yet how relay services will interact with the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)

24. NENA motto: Any device, anytime, anywhere Lets make this happen for relay services, too!

25. Acknowledgments The contents of this presentation were developed with funding from the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research, U.S. Department of Education, grant number H133E090001 (RERC on Telecommunications Access). However, those contents do not necessarily represent the policy of the Department of Education, and you should not assume endorsement by the Federal Government.

26. Questions? Email: christian.vogler@gallaudet.edu Web: http://tap.gallaudet.edu/christian.vogler@gallaudet.eduhttp://tap.gallaudet.edu/ Related work Vogler et al. Video Relay Service Practices and Policies around the World. To appear in AEGIS workshop, Nov 28- 30, 2011. Functional performance characteristics ITU-T H-series Recommendations – Supplement 1, 05/99 FCC filing in CG Docket 10-51. Online: http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/ecfs/comment/view?id=6016375091 http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/ecfs/comment/view?id=6016375091