3. Anything that vibrates generates a sound! (unless it’s in a vacuum)

4. The Way Sound Travels What type of wave is sound? longitudinal How does sound get from one place to another? By pushing (compressions) and pulling (rarefactions) air molecules. What determines the speed of sound? The medium its traveling in & temperature.

5. Speed of Sound Where will sound travel fastest? Metal WaterAir Solids & Liquids are generally good conductors of sound. Much better than air! Besides the medium, what other factor determines how fast sound will travel? Air Temperature!!!

6. Temperature & Speed  Temp =  speed of sound At O°C = 331 m/s At room temp = 340 m/s  temp = Faster molecules =  collisions Will it travel in a vacuum? Absolutely not!

7. Speed of Sound Equation v sound = 331 +.6(T) m/s = 331 +.6(°C) In air, at normal pressure…

8. Example Problem #1 An air tube is 125.0ºC. How fast will a sound travel in the tube? v sound = 331 +.6(T) v = 331 +.6(125.0ºC) v = 406 m/s –Note: Use 3 SF because 331 is rounded off.

9. Example Problem #2 An air tube at 25.0ºC is 100. m long. How long will it take for a sound wave to travel from one end to the other? –First, find the velocity of the sound at 25.0ºC: v = 331 +.6(25.0ºC) v = 346 m/s –Second, use the v = d/t equation: 346 = 100./t t =.289 s

10. Compressions vs. Rarefactions Compressions: PUSHING air molecules. –Above normal air pressure. Rarefactions: PULLING air molecules. –Below normal air pressure. Compressi on Rarefaction

11. Intensity vs. Loudness Intensity: The POWER of the waves. –Objective-doesn’t change for different people –Measured in W/m 2 –Equation- I = P/A intensity = power/area W/m 2 = Watt/square meter Loudness: Sensed by the brain. Result of intensity & distance. –Subjective- can change for different people –Measured in dB (decibels)… after Alexander Graham Bell

12. Typical Sound Intensities Source Intensity (W/m 2 ) Pin Dropping 1.0 x 10 -12 Rustling Leaves 1.0 x 10 -11 Whisper 1.0 x 10 -10 Conversation 1.0 x 10 -6 Loud Music 1.0 x 10 -4 Loud Car Horn 3.0 x 10 -3 Shout 1.0 x 10 -2 Rock Concert 1.0 Yell in the Ear 1.0 Jet Engine 1.0 x 10 2

13. This is the lowest frequency produced by the instrument which can produce resonance.

14. When the frequency of a forced vibration matches the object’s natural frequency. Because the 40 mph winds happened to resonate with the nat. freq. of the bridge, the amplitude increased so much it collapsed! It was only 4 months old!!!

15. Interference Dark lines show sound cancellation.

16. Constructive Interference

17. Destructive Interference

18. Creating Beats Two slightly mismatched tuning forks are sounded together. They have different frequencies. Sometimes they will be in step, other times, they won’t be. In step=louderOut of step=softer

19. Why We Hear Different Sounds Different sounds are produced using different frequencies & different wavelengths! What wave characteristics do high pitched sounds have? They have a high frequency and a short wavelength!

20. VOLUME What part of a wave corresponds to loudness? Amplitude!

21. Any Questions?