1. Figure 8.1 The light and carbon reactions of photosynthesis in chloroplasts of land plants

2. Figure 8.2 The Calvin–Benson cycle proceeds in three stages

3. Figure 8.3 The Calvin–Benson cycle

4. Calvin cycle can be divided into three phases: ― Carboxylation of the ribulose-1,5- bisphosphate, followed by hydrolysis to generate two molecules 3-phosphoglycerate (3-PGA) ― Reduction of 3- phosphoglycerate to glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate (G-3-P) ― Regeneration of the initial acceptor molecule ribulose-1,5- bisphosphate, thereby creating a continuous cycle

5. The Glycolate pathway returns reduced carbon from phosphoglycolate to the Calvin cycle Glycolate pathway: Break down phosphoglycolate and recover 75% of the reduced carbon present in phosphoglycolate to the Calvin cycle, with the remaining 25% released as CO 2. Glycolate pathway is characterized by light-dependent CO 2 release and is also called photorespiration

6. Figure 8.3 The Calvin–Benson cycle; The carboxylation and reduction phases (Part 1)

7. Figure 8.3 The Calvin–Benson cycle; The regeneration phase (Part 2)

8. Figure 8.4 Carboxylation and oxygenation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate catalyzed by rubisco

9. Figure 8.5 CO 2 functions both as activator and as substrate in the reaction catalyzed by rubisco

10. Figure 8.6 The ferredoxin–thioredoxin system

11. Figure 8.7 Regulation of chloroplast phosphoribulokinase and glyceraldehyde-3-P dehydrogenase

12. Figure 8.8 Operation of the C 2 oxidative photosynthetic cycle

13. Figure 8.11 The C 4 photosynthetic carbon cycle involves five successive stages

14. Figure 8.12 The C 4 photosynthetic pathway in leaves

15. Figure 8.12 C 4 photosynthetic pathway; (A) Kranz anatomy, compartmentalization in cell

16. Figure 8.12 C 4 photosynthetic pathway; (B) Kranz anatomy in a C 4 dicot

17. Figure 8.13 Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM)

18. Figure 8.14 Carbon mobilization in land plants

19. Figure 8.18 Interconversion of hexose phosphates