1. Figure 2.18

2. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Collision Theory  The collision theory states that chemical reactions can occur when atoms, ions, and molecules collide  Activation energy is the amount of energy needed for them to collide ‘hard’ enough to disrupt electronic configurations and produce a chemical reaction  Reaction rate is the frequency of collisions with enough energy to bring about a reaction.  Reaction rate can be increased by enzymes or by increasing temperature or pressure

3. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. Figure 5.4a The Mechanism of Enzymatic Action

5. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.7a–b Enzyme Inhibitors: Competitive Inhibition

6. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Enzyme Inhibitors: Competitive Inhibition Example-Sulfa drugs (sulfonamides) Discovered in the 1930s

7. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions  Oxidation: Removal of electrons. The general process of electron donation to an electron acceptor is also referred to as oxidation even though the electron acceptor may not be oxygen.  Reduction: Gain of electrons  Redox reaction: An oxidation reaction paired with a reduction reaction

8. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.9 Oxidation-Reduction

9. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Generation of ATP  ATP is generated by the phosphorylation of ADP

10. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. 3 Ways ATP is Produced in Living Cells 1. Substrate-Level Phosphorylation. Occurs during glycolysis (or alternate pathway) during a.Fermentation (in Microbes and our own skeletal muscle cells and brain Cells) b. Respiration: Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle 2. Oxidative Phosphorylation Occurs during respiratory e- transport chains (aerobic or anaerobic) 3. Photophosphorylation. Occurs during photosynthesis

11. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Substrate-Level Phosphorylation  A chemical reaction where a phosphate group is transferred from one molecule to ADP. This requires a specific enzyme that can transfer the phosphate from this specific molecule to ADP.  This is how the process of FERMENTATION produces ATP.

12. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Oxidative Phosphorylation  Energy released from transfer of electrons (oxidation) of one compound to another (reduction) is used to generate ATP in the electron transport chain  An electron transport chain(ETC) couples a chemical reaction between an electron donor (such as NADH) and an electron acceptor (such as O 2 ) to the transfer of H + ions across a membrane, through a set of mediating biochemical reactions. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_transport_chainNADHO 2H + ionsmembrane

13. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Photophosphorylation  Light causes chlorophyll to give up electrons. The electrons go through a process similar to what happens during respiration (an electron transport chain and chemiosmosis). This process releases energy used to bond a phosphate to ADP producing ATP.  The ATP produced is used to produce food molecules (sugars-glucose).

14. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.11 Glycolysis  The oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid produces ATP and NADH

15. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.10 Representative Biological Oxidation

16. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.12, steps 1–5 Preparatory Stage of Glycolysis  2 ATP are used  Glucose is split to form 2 glucose-3-phosphate

17. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.12, steps 6–10 Energy-Conserving Stage of Glycolysis  2 glucose-3-phosphate oxidized to 2 pyruvic acid  4 ATP produced  2 NADH produced

18. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.13 Preparatory Step Intermediate between Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle  Pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) is oxidized and decarboyxlated

19. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.13 The Krebs Cycle

20. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.16 Chemiosmotic Generation of ATP

21. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. PathwayEukaryoteProkaryote GlycolysisCytoplasm Intermediate stepCytoplasm Krebs cycleMitochondrial matrixCytoplasm ETCMitochondrial inner membranePlasma membrane Comparing Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cellular Location of Catabolic Processes

22. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. A Summary of Respiration  Aerobic respiration: The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen (O 2 ).  Anaerobic respiration: The final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is not O 2. Yields less energy than aerobic respiration because only part of the Krebs cycles operates under anaerobic conditions.

23. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Electron AcceptorProducts NO 3 – NO 2 –, N 2 + H 2 O SO 4 – H 2 S + H 2 O CO 3 2 – CH 4 + H 2 O Anaerobic Respiration

24. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Fermentation  FERMENTATION Scientific definition:  Releases energy from oxidation of organic molecules  Does not require oxygen  Does not use the Krebs cycle or ETC  Uses an organic molecule as the final electron acceptor

25. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.18a An Overview of Fermentation

26. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.19 Types of Fermentation

27. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 5.4 Types of Fermentation

28. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Table 5.4 Types of Fermentation

29. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.21 Catabolism of Organic Food Molecules

30. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Photosynthesis  Conversion of light energy into chemical energy (ATP) and nutrients (glucose)  Overall Summary Reaction?  Compare and Contrast: Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation.

31. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Photosynthesis  Oxygenic:  Anoxygenic:

32. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Nutritional TypeEnergy SourceCarbon SourceExample PhotoautotrophLightCO 2 Oxygenic: Cyanobacteria plants Anoxygenic: Green, purple bacteria PhotoheterotrophLightOrganic compounds Green, purple nonsulfur bacteria ChemoautotrophChemicalCO 2 Iron-oxidizing bacteria ChemoheterotrophChemicalOrganic compounds Fermentative bacteria Animals, protozoa, fungi, bacteria. Metabolic Diversity among Organisms

33. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.33 Amphibolic Pathways

34. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 5.33 Amphibolic Pathways

35. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.