1. USES OF SOLAR ENERGY Dimitar Dimitrov Associate Professor Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies

2. ORIGIN OF RENEWABLES

3. HOW MUCH SOLAR ENERGY DO WE HAVE

4. SOLAR RADIATION IN EUROPE

5. USING THE SOLAR ENERGY Solar thermal systems Solar electric systems

6. EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR THERMAL COLLECTORS

7. PASSIVE SYSTEM FOR WATER HEATING Systems with thermosyphon

8. WATER HEATING SYSTEM WITH PUMPING

9. SYSTEM FOR SPACE HEATING

10. INSTALLED CAPACITIES OF SOLAR COLLECTORS

11. INSTALLED CAPACITIES OF COLLECTORS (per capita)

12. DISTRIBUTI ON BY APPLICATIO N

13. SOLAR COLLECTOR 'S MARKET GROWTH

14. PHOTOVOLTAIC (PV) SYSTEMS PV systems directly convert the solar energy into electricity ADVANTAGES: –can operate in almost any location –don't pollute –don't make noise –highly reliable –modular concept etc. ADVANTAGES: –Expensive cost of electricity –Output variability (day – night, seasonally..) –houligasm (steal, broke)...

15. Types of PV cells monocrystalline polycrystalline amorphous thin films etc. PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL The „hearth“ of PV generators is a PV cell

16. PV cell PV panel PV generatorPV module ELEMENTS OF A PV GENERATOR

17. STAND-ALONE PV SYSTEMS ~ G DC ~ – AC

18. ECONOMIC VIABILITY OD STAND- ALONE PV SYSTEMS

19. GRID- CONNECTED PV SYSTEMS DC ~ – AC kWh

20. Governments offer incentives in order to encourage the PV industry to achieve the economies of scale. Incentives involve: tax decreasing, soft credits, grants, feed-in tariffs etc. Such policies are implemented to: promote national or territorial energy independence, high tech job creation, reduction of carbon dioxide emissions, obtain political benefits etc. Feed-in tariffs for PV systems in RM are: for PV systems ≤ 50 kW, 0,16 €/kWh, for PV systems > 50 kW, 0,12 €/kWh. PV INCENTIVES

21. GRID-CONNECTED VS. OFF-GRID (STAND-ALONE)

22. DISTRIBUTION OF PV INSTALLATIONS

23. EVOLUTION OF PV MODULE PRICES [per/Wp]

24. PV INDUSTRY GROWTH: corrected forecast

25. CELL EFFICIENCES

26. CELL TECHNOLOGY SHARES

27. OPERATIONAL PRINCIPES OF PV CELLS

28. CURRENT-VOLTAGE CHARACTERISTICS

29. CATALOGUE DATA OF A PV MODULE

30. I-V CHARACTERISTICS OF A PV MODULE

31. I-V CHARACTERISTIC MEARUREMENTS

32. CHARACTERISTICS OF A PV GENERATOR IN REAL CONDITIONS PV generator current [A] PV generator voltage [V] measured data model theoretical model real

33. MEASURED DATA AND THE MODEL PV generator voltage [V] PV generator current [A]

34. SPECTRAL SENSITIVITY OF THE PV CELLS

35. BALANCE OF SYSTEM (BOS) COMPONENTS

36. TRACKING PANELS

37. STAND-ALONE PV SYSTEM

38. GRID-CONNECTED PV SYSTEM

39. CAD LAYOUT OF A PV GENETRATOR

40. TRANSPOSITION FACTOR

41. TRANSPOSITION WITH TRACKING

42. SOLAR "MOVEMENT" AND SHADING

43. BASIC PERFORMACE S OF A PV GENERATOR MONTH H 0 [kWh/m²] T a,sr [°C] H β [kWh/m²] Е out [kWh] η tot [%] jan560,0967078210,9 feb722,11077908610,9 mar1136,11349613210,6 apr14710,415811564310,8 may18815,519113590010,5 jun20019,419813809010,3 jul21021,820914392710,1 aug18921,619913642210,1 sep14217,216011308710,5 oct10611,815110600410,4 nov665,91117971510,6 dec471,8926554210,5 TOTAL/ AVERAGE 153511,11803128033010,5

44. AREA SIZE OF A PV GENERATOR

45. HYBRID PV SYSTEM – ~ ~ GS DUMP LOAD LOADS 220 V 50 Hz PV GENERATOR MPPT BATTERY CHARGE CONTROLLER BATTERY INVERTER BATTERY CHARGER DIESEL GENSET

46. WHY TO USE A HYBRID PV SYSTEM? PV generator AdvantagesDisadvantages Eco acceptable Reliable energy source Minimal o&m High investment Daily and seasonal variations Dependent on meteo conditions Diesel genset AdvantagesDisadvantages Low investment cost Controlled operation (on&off) High o&m costs Need of transport and stocking of fuel Exhaustion gases and noise

47. What is achieved by the „hybridization“? Lower investment cost (from a PV system) Lower o&m costs (from a genset only system) Minimal pollution Increased reliability Decreased sensitivity on daily and seasonal meteorological variations but it is required... Proper sizing and designing Energy dispatching

48. 220 V 50 Hz – ~ ~ GS DUMP LOAD MODE1234 OPERATIONAL MODES OF HPV SYSTEMS 5

49. TOTAL COSTS LOAD 15 kWh/day

50. ELECTRICITY PRICES AND COMPONENT CAPACITIES Daily load [kWh/day] Electricity price [€/kWh]Power [kW, kVA] Capacity [kWh] PV generator Diesel genset Inverter Battery

51. GALLERY

53. VISIONS

54. Thank You!!!