1. Facoltà di Economia CdL Economia e gestione dei servizi turistici Lingua Inglese 5. Price & Money a.a. 2008/2009

2. PRICE & MONEY English words or expressions connected with ………….

3. PRICE cheap economical expensive inexpensive to charge To pay pay/payment payer payable to settle to shopshop/store market to set the price to increaseto rise to decrease to falllow high price v costprofit margin

4. MORE ON PRICE & MONEY … CASHCOINNOTE BUCKQUIDGRAND CURRENCY CHANGE BILL RECEIPT LOANLENDINTEREST RATE BORROWING CREDIT DEBT OWE BANKRUPTCY BALANCE SHEETFINANCIAL STATEMENT INCOME STATEMENTLOSS PROFIT

5. n n cost 1 n [C, U] the amount of money that you have to pay to buy or produce something: [costo] The cost of land in the city centre is very high. 2 costs [plural] [costi] the money that a business must regularly spend in order to continue its activities. Our profits are falling because of increasing costs. Synonym expenses n [plural] [spese] Collocations labour costs, manufacturing costs n n deal n [C] an agreement or arrangement, especially one that involves the sale of something [affare] to get a good deal get an agreement to buy or sell a product at a good price: [fare un buon affare] We got a good deal when we bought this office as demand was low at the time. n n graph n [C] a drawing that uses a line or lines to show the relationship between two sets of figures: [grafico] This graph shows sales figures for the year 2005. n n price n [C, U] the amount of money for which something is bought, sold or offered: [prezzo] The price of this picture is £6,000. n n pricing n [U] the prices of a company's products in relation to each other and in relation to the prices of competitors; also the activity of setting prices: [pricing, determinazione del prezzo] We need to discuss our pricing if we want to boost sales.

6. n n profit margin n [C] the difference between the price a product or service is sold for and the cost of producing it: [margine di profitto] We can increase our profit margin by cutting the cost of production. n n share n [C] the ownership of a company is divided into shares, which can be made available for sale as a way to increase capital. Investors buy and sell shares in the hope of making a profit: [azione] He made a lot of money by investing in IBM shares. n n spending n [U] the amount of money an organisation or a person spends: [+ on] [spesa] We need to increase spending on research and development. n n strategy n [C] a plan for achieving a goal; the best way for a company to develop in the future: [strategia] We need to develop a strategy for exporting the company's products. Collocations pricing strategy, develop a strategy - strategic adj [strategico] n n trend n [C] the general way in which a particular situation is changing or developing: [tendenza, trend] Economists study the trends in spending. n n workforce n [C] all the people who work in a particular country, industry or workplace: [forza lavoro] We are increasing our workforce from 1,200 to 1,400.

7. Keynotes It is difficult for companies to set the price of a product. A lower price may help to increase sales, but it also reduces the profit margin. As a result, the company may have to cut costs to keep prices down. We often use graphs to show trends in prices over months or years. Studying the trends can help companies to choose the right pricing strategy for their products

8. PRICE SAYING NUMBERS YearsCurrencies 1984£3.15 2002$7.80 DecimalsBigger Numbers 16.53560 17.38%598,347 0.185 1,300,402 1m3bn£7.5bn $478m

9. PRICE Mon Tue Wed ThurFri Sat Sun Your week’s emotional state

10. PRICE VERBNOUN declineA decline decreaseA decrease doubleA doubling (rare) dropA drop fallA fall fluctuateA fluctuation gainA gain halveA halving (rare) improveAn improvement increaseAn increase Level offA levelling off PeakA peak plummetA plummet (rare) recoverA recovery riseA rise Rocket / tripleA rocket / a tripling (rare)

11. 11 Trends Exercise p. 86 n n Spending on ______________ increased up to 1991 and then fell sharply. n n Spending on ______________ increased the most. n n Spending on ______________ rose by nearly 20 per cent. n n Spending on ______________ decreased slightly after 1996. food communications leisure household equipment

12. 12TRENDSPrepositions Profits rose 11% to $2.7bn Profits have gone up from 3m to 4m euros Our business grew by 10% last year There’s been a decrease of 4m euros Last year profits stood at 2.5m pounds Adjectives and adverbs There was a dramatic fall; shares fell dramatically The similarities between Enron and Ahold are striking Prices fluctuated mildly, dropped slightly, rose steadily Prices reached a peak, stocks had a dramatic and sudden fall

13. Happy talk American consumer confidence rebounded in September from August's sharp fall (the news was one element pushing the Dow Jones Industrial Average towards a new high). Cheaper petrol prices were said to be the main factor fuelling the optimism.

14. 14 Positive feelings The European Commission's indicator of business and consumer economic sentiment in the euro area rose in October to its highest level in more than five- and-a-half years. Among the bigger countries in the currency block the uptick in optimism was particularly strong in Germany and France (where the unemployment rate is at a five- year low), but in Italy confidence fell.

15. Price (Reading Comprehension) p.87 Make it cheaper and cheaper n : n General: - - What is this article about? - - What is the ‘spending power’? n n PARA a: What is a ‘survey’? Can you give a synonym for ‘advances’? What is the meaning of ‘run out’? And of ‘spending’? Does ‘plentiful’ mean abundant or poor? n n PARA b: What is the meaning of ‘scale’? A. ladderB. stepsC. big quantity What is the meaning of the expression ‘to buy in bulk’?

16. Price (Reading Comprehension) p.87 Make it cheaper and cheaper n n PARA c: ‘huge’ is a synonym of … What consequences for cutting margins can you list? Can you give a synonym and an antonym of ‘shut’? n n PARA d: Can you give a synonym and an antonym of ‘unhealthy’? What is a deal? What word in the text means ‘stressful position’? What is the traditional strategy in terms of portions of products to be sold? What should the new trend be?

17. Word building NounPersonVerb ___________________ produce shop/shopping___________________ distribution___________________ consume retail___________________ writer___________________ Suffixes: -ion, -er, -ation, -or, -ing

18. Price p.88 n Vocabulary 1 n Vocabulary 2 – synonyms n Vocabulary 3 – transitive and intransitive verbs n Vocabulary 4 n Describing a graph - p.91

19. Phonetics [pra ɪ s][f ɔː l][‚ ɪ n ɪ k'spens ɪ v] [t ʃ i ː p][t ʃɑː dʒ] [lə ʊ ] [ha ɪ ] [ ʃɑ p/ ʃɒ p] ['pe ɪ mənt] [‚'ekə'n ɑ m ɪ kl/-n ɒ m-] ['m ɑ rk ɪ t /'m ɑː k ɪ t] [ ɪ n'kr ɪː s] ['pr ɑ f ɪ t /'pr ɒ -]['m ɑ rdʒ ɪ n /'m ɑː dʒ ɪ n] [f ɪ 'næns / 'fa ɪ næns]

20. Language 1 Write the verb in brackets in the past simple or present perfect. 1Two years ago, I ______________ (leave) my company for this one. 2The price ______________ (continue) to fall for the last two weeks. 3In 2001, the market ______________ (fall) to an all-time low. 4This graphs shows that inflation _______________ (remain) steady for six months now. 5German house prices _____________ (double) since 1979. 6How ____________ (be) your trip? 7We ______________ (not/raise) our prices in recent weeks. 8____________ (you/be) to France before?

21. 9 9 I _____________(see) any changes in our recent performance. 10 10 _______________ (you/invite) the press yesterday?Vocabulary 2 Choose the correct verb from a, b or c. 11It is difficult for companies to __________ the price of a product and know what to charge. a) costb) setc) get 12A lower price may increase sales but it also ___________ the profit margin a) increasesb) setsc) reduces 13Many companies are ____________ costs to keep prices down. a) cuttingb) settingc) increasing

22. 14All customers want to ___________ good value for money. a) getb) costc) sell 15Customers are also prepared to ____________ more time looking for a good price. a) makeb) spendc) have 16In recent months, sales _____________ between 35 and 40. a) fluctuatedb) rosec) raised 17Large supermarkets can afford to ____________ in bulk which also reduces the price. a) sellb) savec) buy 18Producing bigger portions doesn’t ___________ up the price. a) pullb) pickc) push

23. 19To ____________ the demands of supermarkets, food producers have reduced the size of their workforces. a) setb) meetc) reach 20Prices ____________ a peak last night and then fell. a) reachedb) increasedc) put up 3 Put these trend words in the correct category. remain steady / lower / rise / level / rocket / push down 21increase: ________________ ________________ 22decrease: ________________ ________________ 23no change: ________________ ________________

24. keys Language 1 left /2 has continued/ 3 fell/ 4 has remained/ 5 have doubled/ 6 was / 7 haven’t raised / 8 Have you been / 9 haven’t seen / 10 Did you invite Vocabulary 11 b / 12 c / 13 a / 14 a / 15 b / 16 a / 17 c / 18 c / 19 b / 20 a 21 rise, rocket / 22 lower, push down / 23 remain steady, level