1. Chapter 10 Section 2

2.  Influenced by the Scientific Revolution  Earth revolves around the sun  Advances in medicine  Advances in math  Applied the scientific method to society  Hoped to make progress towards a better society  Reason, natural law, hope, progress

3. John Locke  tabula rasa – “blank mind”  People are molded by the experience that came through their senses from the surrounding world.  Born good and equal  Two Treatises on Government  Born with natural rights - “life, liberty, and property”  Government’s role – to protect people’s natural rights  People consent to their government  People have the right to overthrow their government

4. Montesquieu  Spirit of the Laws was a study of governments  3 Kinds of governments 1.) republics (small states) 2.) despotism (large states) one person has all the power 3.) monarchies (moderate sized states)  Separation of powers – each branch of government is limited and controlled each other in a system of checks and balances.

5. Voltaire  Known for his criticism of Christianity and religious tolerance  Treatise on Toleration (1763)  “all men are brothers under God.”  deism – a religious philosophy in which a mechanic (God) creates a clock (the universe) and sets it in motion, allowing it to run on its own without his interference and according to its own natural laws.

6. Diderot  Encyclopedia, or Classified Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts, and Trades  “change the general way of thinking”  28 Volumes, written in 20 years  became a weapon against old French society  sold to doctors, teachers, clergymen, and lawyers

7. Adam Smith  Wealth of Nations (1776)  laissez-faire – “to let people do what they want”; the state should not interrupt the free play of natural economic forces by imposing regulations on the economy. Instead it should leave the economy alone.  Three basic roles of government  Protect society  Defend against injustice  Maintain public works

8. Jean-Jacques Rousseau  Displeased that mankind had become enslaved by government  The Social Contract (1762) – presented social contract, or the belief an entire society agrees to be governed by it general will. Through the general will liberty is achieved.

9. Cesare Beccaria  Prior punishment for crimes was harsh  On Crimes and Punishment (1764)  Punishments should not be brutal  Opposed capital punishment Mary Wollstonecraft  Pointed out two flaws of Enlightenment philosophers  Since the oppression of government over men was wrong, men’s oppression over women equally wrong  Women reason and are entitled to the same rights as men

10.  What were the main problems that the enlightenment philosophers attempted to solve with their new ideas?  Which philosopher do you agree with the most and why?  Do you think the philosophers were successful in improving society? Why or why not?

11. Philosophes Montes- quieu Voltaire Smith Rousseau Diderot Wollstone -craft Beccaria

12.  Enlightened absolutism – rulers who attempted to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining power.  But were they truly enlightened  3 Examples  Prussia  Austria  Russia

13. For each country… identify the following  Ruler(s)  How did rulers incorporate enlightenment ideas?  Were they truly enlightened? Why or why not?

14. CountryRuler Enlightenment Idea Did it work? Austria Frederick II abolished torture more freedom of speech religious toleration didn’t eliminate serfdom rigid social structure Prussia Maria Theresa Joseph II Maria Theresa ease serf’s restrictions Joseph II eliminated death penalty equality before the law religious reforms and toleration unpopular with nobles, Catholic Church, and serfs most reforms repealed Russia Catherine the Great ease on serf’s restrictions attempted new law code (more equality under the law) afraid to loose noble support crushed rebellions expanded serfdom

15.  Only Joseph II sought changes.  All interested in power and welfare of the state  Used enlightenment ideas to suppress their subjects  Created and lead to a rivalry among states

16.  How have the events of 9/11 affected our everyday life?  How do you think the Founding Fathers would have responded to events such as these?

17. Pick two enlightenment ideas that influenced the founding documents of the United States. State the idea and which philosopher it came from, and how we incorporated the idea. (6 points)         

18.  Articles of Confederation  Weak central government out of fear  Federal system – national and state governments share power  3 Branches (Montesquieu’s idea)  Legislative  Executive  Judicial  Ratification by ¾ of the states (9 /13)  Included the Bill of Rights  First 10 amendments  Protects basic freedoms based on natural rights