1. The Evolution of Public Printing in the US and a Brief History of the OU Government Documents Collection Jeffrey M. Wilhite Associate Professor of Bibliography Government Documents Librarian, University of Oklahoma

2. Information is the Currency of Democracy – Thomas Jefferson

3. What is a Government Document? Informational matter disseminated by or for a government State, local, tribal, federal, foreign, international

4. Ancient Government Documents Ancient Civilizations –Egypt –Babylonia –Greeks –Romans Types of Government Documents –Records/laws/Commerce Information

5. One of the Earliest Known Government Documents - Code of Hammurabi -Babylonian, 1700 BCE -One of the first examples of recorded laws -Example: If a man puts out the eye of an equal, his eye shall be put out

6. EARLY EUROPEAN GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS -England Magna Carta King John 1215 Directly challenged the monarch's authority http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/magna_carta / http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/featured_documents/magna_carta /

7. Colonial British Government Documents in America -The first government documents in the new world would have been European/British documents. -Yale’s Avalon Project: http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/statech.asp

8. 1776: Declaration of Independence “ He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.” 1789: Constitution, article 1 (The Legislative Branch), Section 5, Clause 3: “Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.”

9. HISTORY OF THE GPO/FDLP The first United States documents (1776-1860) were published by private contract printers, as appointed by both houses of Congress, such as Gales and Seaton, and Blair and Rivers. Dissemination was limited, even to the members of the fledgling government, with many inherent problems.

10. Why Should the US Government Publish Its Information? 1.For the use of the government 2. For the use of the people 3. To sell

11. 1800’s The Federal Depository Library Program had its origins in special acts of the first twelve congresses, which provided for the printing of a sufficient number of copies of the House and Senate Journals for distribution to the Executive Branch and each house of the state and territorial legislatures. 1813: An act authorized one copy of each chamber’s Journal to be sent to selected University and state libraries and to historical societies.

12. Legislation in the 1850s established the framework of the present system: –1852: Printing Act of 1852 appointed a Superintendent of Public Printing within the Department of Interior. –1852: The Joint Committee on Printing (JCP) was empowered to mediate disputes between the Superintendent and the printers. –1857: A Superintendent of Public Printing was appointed in the Department of Interior. The Secretary of Interior could designate depositories. –1858: U.S. Representatives were authorized to establish depository libraries, from their own district. –1859: U.S. Senators were authorized to establish one depository in their own state.

13. The Printing Act of 1860 provided for the establishment of the Government Printing Office (GPO) in the Legislative Branch to consolidate Congressional printing. The JCP was directed to set standards for the GPO The GPO was inaugurated the same day Abraham Lincoln was as the sixteenth president of the United States (March 4, 1861).

14. What is a government document per the GPO? “Informational matter which is published as an individual document at government expense, or as required by law” –U.S. Code Title 44, Ch. 19, Sec. 1901. Types: laws, reports, documents, maps, et al. Topics: Congressional, economic, health, research, demographic, informative, et al. Formats: Paper, microfiche, electronic (3.5 Disc, CD-ROM, DVD), Internet, et al.

15. * 1869: An Appropriations Act established a Superintendent of Documents in the Interior Dept. *1870’s: Congressional discussion began to strip the GPO of its printing “monopoly.” It did not occur. *1876: A law changed the title of the “Superintendent of Public Printing” to “Public Printer, ” and made the position a Presidential appointment with Senate confirmation. *1887: Geological depositories established. *1895: Patent depositories established.

16. The Earliest Known Depository 1814: The American Antiquarian Society in Worcester, Massachusetts.The American Antiquarian Society As early as 1818 a congressional committee recommended the creation of a government printing office to ensure prompt and accurate records of Congressional proceedings.

17. GPO MILESTONES -1895 Printing Act: 1. The Superintendent of Public Documents was transferred to the GPO from Interior (“Public” was dropped from the title), making “FDLP” now part of the GPO 2. Sale and distribution was added to GPO’s charge. 3. Free access was given: “All Government publications delivered to designated depositories or other libraries shall be for public use without charge.”

18. 4. Centralized printing sought to eliminate wasteful and disorderly distribution practices of the day. 5. Added Executive departments to depository distribution. 6. Libraries from the Executive Branch departments and the military academics added to the depository system. 7. This act was an antecedent of Title 44 of the US Code.

19. *July 17, 1895 First Depository shipment *1895: There were 420 Depository Libraries *1895: All depository libraries received 100% of publications and could only weed superceded items. *1895: Monthly Catalog appeared

20. 1895-1903: SuDocs classification developed by GPO Librarian Adelaide Hasse. 1907: Land Grant colleges added to system. 1923: Libraries could select materials, not just receive 100%. 1923: 418 depositories. 1924: Geological and Patent depositories dissolved.

21. The SuDoc Call Number System Based on provenance, or source i.e. the issuing agency. Titles are arranged by agency not subject matter: A = Agriculture C = Commerce D = Defense E = Energy ED = Education EPA = Environmental Protection Agency etc… A 1.1: 975 A 1.2: 43 A 1.3: 6/1 A 1.3: 6/2 A 1.3: 6/4200 A 1.4: AM 52 A 1.4: AM 64 A 1.4/2: AM 77 A 1.4/2: 1 A 1.5: B/3 A 1.5/A: B/3

22. 1940’s and 1950’s 1945: 555 depositories. 1947: First biennial survey of depository libraries. 1950s: Modern shipping lists began.

23. The Depository Act of 1962 -”Cleaned-up” the depository system. -Authorized the establishment of regional depositories. -Allowed selective libraries to keep items for only 5 years, not permanently. -Increased to two the number of depository libraries permitted per congressional district. -Added libraries from independent Federal agencies.

24. 1970’s 1972: Highest appellate courts of the states added to the system. 1973: Public Documents Highlights began to be issued. 1977: More than 1,200 libraries in the depository library system. 1977: Microfiche authorized to be distributed to libraries. 1978: Law Libraries added to the system.

25. 1980’s and 1990’s 1980: Administrative Notes began. 1988: First CD-ROM distributed to depository libraries. 1994: GOVDOC-L adopted by the LPS as its method of e-mail communication.

26. 1993 GPO Electronic Information Access Enhancement Act Amended Title 44 to require online dissemination of information. Establishment of GPO ACCESS.GPO ACCESS GPO ACCESS was named one of the “Best Feds on the web” by Government Executive magazine in 1998.

27. The Advent of Online Government Information, 1993- Present “Largely because most federal government documents are free of copyright and because they are, by nature, designed to serve the public, government information has taken full advantage of the web era, making a rapid and early transition to providing all types of information almost exclusively via web access.” –Fundamental of Government Information: Mining, Finding, Evaluating, and Using Government Resources (2011)

28. The 2000’s: Paper vs. Internet Documents Archival Preservation –Beginning as of 2009 Accessibility –Sept. 11, 2001 After 9/11: 81% increase in the classification of government documents –Cobell Indian Trust Assets Legislation, 1996-2009 –Hurricane Katrina Mutability –USAID Document

29. 2009: Federal Digital System Created in 2009 by GPO to replace GPO Access Is an advanced digital system that will enable GPO to manage Government information from all three branches of the U.S. Government. Permanently archives noteworthy documents that government agencies post on their websites and important historical documents. Monitors the authenticity of these electronic documents –GPO adds a signature to the Documents to assure the public that the document has not been changed or altered since receipt by GPO, verifying the document’s integrity and authenticity.

30. 2010: A Federal Digital Archive To gather, preserve and give access to ALL the million public records of the Federal Government. 2011: Presidential Order for agencies to make wider use of digital-based record-keeping systems This is the most significant change in government archiving since Harry S. Truman’s presidency (1945- 1953). National Archives & Records Administration manages this. As of 2011, the government’s electronic archives top 142 terabytes of data, or 14,200 gigabytes

31. Digital Issues May 2011: NARA report on U.S. federal agencies’ self assessments of their recordkeeping found that “90% of agencies had a moderate to high risk of records mismanagement.” The agency self-assessments found that 45% of agencies had records management programs with “moderate risk” and another 45% had records management programs with “high risk” of records mismanagement. According to NARA, in 2011, “80% of [U.S. federal] agencies captured e-mail records by printing them out and filing them.

32. Social Media June 2011 report by the GAO: 23 of 24 major federal agencies used FaceBook, Twitter, and YouTube as platforms for the public dissemination of agency information A 2012 Congressional Research Service report called attention to the proliferation of the proprietary platforms employed by the agencies of the U.S. federal government for their records and the accompanying dangers – Who saves this data?

33. 2013: Obama Open Access Order May 2013: Obama White House issued an Executive Order mandating the open Web publication of data gathered and produced by U.S. federal agencies. The Executive Order requires that, going forward, data generated by the government be made available in open, machine-readable formats, while appropriately safeguarding privacy, confidentiality, and security.

34. Government Publishing Office December 2014 Publishing reflects the increasingly prominent role that GPO plays in providing access to Government Information in digital formats through the agency's Federal Digital System, apps, eBooks, and related technologies.

35. GPO Today Created primarily to satisfy the printing needs of Congress, GPO today is the focal point for printing, binding, and information dissemination for the entire Federal community. In addition to Congress and the White House approximately 130 Federal departments and agencies rely on GPO’s services.

36. 2015: Federal Web Archiving Group GPO, LC & NARA working together to ensure continued public access to online government information. Using Archive-It web service Goal: improve communication to increase understanding of each other’s web archiving programs, avoid duplication of effort, and evaluate ways in which this group could help each other. PROGRESS!

37. FDLP Presently Administered by U.S. Code Title 44, Ch. 19 The FDLP is based upon three principles: 1.With certain specified exceptions, all Federal Government information products shall be made available to Federal depository libraries. 2.Federal depository libraries shall be located in each State and U.S. Congressional District in order to make Government information products widely available. 3.That Federal Government information in all media shall be available for the free use of the general public.

38. Superintendent of Documents Responsibilities include: Management of FDLP. Distributing public documents to depository libraries and to other institutions and officials authorized by law. Sale of documents. Bibliographic control.

39. Depository Library Council The Depository Library Council (DLC) to the Public Printer was established in 1972 to provide advice on policy matters relating to the FDLP. The primary focus of the DLC's work is to advise the Public Printer, the Superintendent of Documents, and appropriate members of GPO staff on practical options for the efficient management and operation of the FDLP. 15 Member Committee, appointed by the Public Printer.

40. Depository Libraries Presently 53 Regional Libraries 1300+ Selective libraries Depositories are: -50% Academic -20% Public -11% Law -19% Other Federal depository libraries serve an estimated 9.5 million people each year.

41. Depository Libraries in Oklahoma Two Regionals: 1893 -Oklahoma Department of Libraries (ODL)Oklahoma Department of Libraries 1907 -Oklahoma State University (OSU)Oklahoma State University Seventeen Selectives 1893 - University of Oklahoma (OU) – 89%University of Oklahoma -Tulsa, Edmond, Shawnee, etc.

42. The OU Government Documents Collection was established August 14, 1893 The designator was the Honorable Dennis T. Flynn, Oklahoma Territorial Delegate to the US House of Representatives 1892-96 and 1898-1902

43. The OU Government Documents Collection is one of the largest and oldest Federal depositories in the state As the OU Library has relocated, so has the Governments Documents Collection.

44. 1890-1893: The Rock Building *OU’s first location was on Main Street in downtown Norman in the “Rock Building,” as construction began on the first university building *The building housed a small library, the first OU Library.

45. 1893-1903: Science Hall * 1893: The first OU structure, know first as University Building and then Science Hall was completed (located where Old Science Hall is now, on the North Oval). *The library was located in one room in the east wing of the second floor. And consisted of 300-400 donated books. *1893: OU became a federal depository. *January 1903, Science Hall burned to the ground and the 15,000 volume OU library (twelve thousand books and five thousand pamphlets) was lost, including the government documents.

46. 1903-1905: University Hall *The OU library was relocated to the first floor of University Hall (located where Evans Hall is now, on the North Oval) temporarily.

48. 1905-1920: University Library *1903: OU received a $30,000 grant to build a library from American industrialist Andrew Carnegie. *1905: the building was finished & the books moved in, for it to become University Library *This was the first structure built on the OU campus to specifically house the library. It contained 11,000 volumes. *This building now houses University College and classrooms *1907: University Hall burned down

49. 1920-1929: The New Library *In 1919, The Oklahoma Legislature approved $75,000 for the construction of a new OU Library & the second structure to be built at the University specifically to be a library was built. *The New Library opened in 1920, with nearly 100,000 volumes *The library quickly grew too big for the building and a new library began to be constructed. *After the building became the art museum and is now the Visitor’s Center (Jacobson Hall)

50. 1929- present University Library *In 1927, the Eleventh Oklahoma Legislature appropriated $500,000 for the new library. *It was built to hold 1 million volumes. *When it opened, it was referred to as “Oklahoma’s Crown Jewel.”

51. *1944: renamed Bizzell Memorial Library after OU President Bizzell. *1958: Addition added to back of building *1982: Addition added to front of building, with clock tower and new gardens

52. The Government Documents Collection is presently located on the fourth floor of Bizzell Memorial Library

53. Lobby outside of the Government Documents Collection

54. Display of World War II ration cards in the Lobby

55. The Government Documents Collection spans from the early nineteenth century to the most current federally produced documents The main Government Documents Reference Room

56. The OU Government Documents Collection was established in 1893 and contains many historical items

57. The Government Documents Collection currently contains 2.9 million items

58. The Government Documents Collection is a selective depository that receives 90% of all Federally disseminated documents

59. The Government Documents Collection is also a depository for several international organizations, including United Nations official publications and European Union, as well as State of Oklahoma documents

60. The second Government Documents Reference Room

61. The Reference Rooms are open to the public during operating hours: Monday–Friday 8 AM – 5 PM

62. The Government Documents Collection stacks are closed to the public (i.e. no browsing)

63. The Oklahoma Documents Collection

64. 40% of the Government Documents Collection is in microfiche format

65. UN Documents 1946-Present

66. The Government Documents Collection covers the entire east side of the fourth floor as well as all of Deck 7 of the 1929 Bizzell Library building

67. Government Documents Closed Stacks on Deck 7

68. Congressional Materials

69. How to Access Government Documents? OU Library Webpage: http://libraries.ou.edu/ http://libraries.ou.edu/ Discovery! Library Catalog! Resources by Subject!

70. Sources consulted/cited: Joe Morehead, Introduction to United States Government Information Sources, Sixth Edition (Libraries Unlimited: Engelwood, CO), 1999. Administrative Notes, “Keeping America Informed: Federal Depository Library Program,” Administrative Notes 19, no. 4 (2/15/98), pg. 19-22. Shiela McGarr, A Snapshot of FDLP updated from an article in Administrative Notes, v. 15, #11, 8/15/94, pp. 6-14.A Snapshot of FDLP GPO Web page: http://www.gpo.govhttp://www.gpo.gov