1. TENSE REVIEW

2. PRESENT FORMS

4. PRESENT SIMPLE Permanent (changeless) situations or states
She works as a nurse.
She owns a large shop.
Repeated/habitual actions(especially with frequency adverbs)
I usually get up at 7.30.
Permanent truths or laws of nature
Money doesn’t buy happiness.
Water freezes at 0°C .
Timetables/Programmes
The match finishes at 7:45.
Reviews/sports/commentaries/dramatic narrative
Meryl Streep acts brilliantly in this film.
PRESENT SIMPLE

5. Time expressions; Every day/week month/year Sometimes In the morning
Usually
In the evening
Often
In the afternoon
Always
At night
Rarely
On Mondays etc.
Never
Time expressions;

6. PRESENT CONTINUOUS Temporary (changeable) situations
They’re staying at the Park Hotel at present.
Actions happening at or around the moment of speaking
She is looking for a better job.
I’m reading Elif Şafak’s Forty Rules of Love.
Repeated actions with “always” expressing annoyance or criticism
She is always interrupting me
Fixed arrangements in the near future
The Browns are visiting us tonight.
I’m flying to İstanbul this weekend.
Changing or developing situations
His English is getting better.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS

7. time expressions Now Always At the moment Still At present
Right now etc.
Nowadays
Today
Tonight
time expressions

8. Recently completed actions which has evidence in the present
She has tidied her room.
(She has finished tidying her room. You can see it is tidy now. EVIDENCE IN THE PRESENT)
He has painted the room. (The paint is wet.)
Actions which happened at unstated past time.
He has lost his keys. (We don’t know when. )
He has sold his car. (When? We don’t know)
For actions which started in the past and continue up to the present
She has lived in this house for two years. (She still lives in this house.)
For past actions whose time is not mentioned but it is connected with the present.
I have seen Madonna. (I may meet her again; she’s still alive.-period of time not finished yet.)
PRESENT PERFECT

9. Time expressions; Just Today Ever This week Never This month Already
Yet(negatives / questions)
Always
Since(from a starting point in the past)
How long
For (over a period of time)
So far
Recently
Time expressions;

10. Actions started in the past and continuing up to the present
He has been writing a letter for two hours. (He stared two hours ago and still writing it.)
Past actions of certain duration which has visible results or effects in the present
She has been crying. (Her eyes are red.)
Actions expressing anger, irritation, annoyance, explanation or criticism
Who has been using my toothbrush? (annoyance)
Emphasis on duration (usually with for, since or how long)
She’s been calling on client since this morning.
PRESENT PERF. CONT

11. How long
Since
for
Time expressions;

12. NOTE
live, feel, and work can be used either in the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Cont. with no difference in meaning.
I’ve been living in Rome for a year. =
I’ve lived in Rome for a year.

14. PAST FORMS

16. Complete action or event which happened at a stated past time
Complete action or event which happened at a stated past time. (In present Perfect time is not stated.)
She called an hour ago. (-When? -An hour ago.)
Past actions which happened one after the other.
She sealed the letter, put a stamp on it, and posted it.
Past habit or state
He used to go to school on foot.
He went to school on foot.
Action which happened at a definite past time although the time is not mentioned. This action is not connected with the present. (Remember the example about Madonna to compare it with Present Perfect)
Shakespeare wrote a lot of plays. (Shakespeare is now dead; he won’t write again.-period of time now finished.)
PAST SIMPLE

17. Time expressions; Yesterday When…… Last (week, year, week etc. )
In 1986 etc.
… ago
Then
Just now
Time expressions;

18. Action in the middle of happening at a stated past time
He was playing tennis at 4:30 yesterday
Past action in progress interrupted by another past action.
While I was getting dressed, the bell rang.
Two or more past actions happening at the same time
While I was sunbathing, Tim was swimming.
Description to events in a story
She was flying to Paris…
The sun was shining…
PAST CONTINUOUS

19. While….
When…
As… etc.
Time expressions;

20. FUTURE FORMS