1. تاريــخ العمـــارة ARCHITECTURE HISTORY Arch.Eng.Shireen Abdelrahman

2. تاريــخ العمـــارة الاهرامـــــــات PYRAMIDS

3. تاريــخ العمـــارة الاهرامـــــــات PYRAMIDS The first and largest pyramid was built for Khufu (Cheops)-147m The second largest pyramid was built for Khufu's son, Khafra Chephren). guarded by a huge sphinx -136m Finally, the third largest pyramid was built for the Menkaure (Mycerinus (-62m They are one of the remains world wonders احد عجايب الدنيا السبع

4. تاريــخ العمـــارة In the New Kingdom pharaohs were buried دفنت in rock-cut tombs in the Valley of the Kings. This lonely and hidden place was located in the shadow of a natural mountain shaped like a pyramid. Thus, even though the pharaohs did not build pyramids out of stone anymore, pyramids were still spiritually important to them. Rock cut tombs

5. تاريــخ العمـــارة What does the word 'pyramid' mean The word 'pyramid' actually comes from the Greek word 'pyramis' which means wheat cakeكعكة القمح. The word 'pyramis' was used to describe the ancient Egyptian buildings because they reminded the Greeks of pointy- topped wheat cakes. The ancient Egyptian word for the pyramids was (Mer)

6. تاريــخ العمـــارة Why did the ancient Egyptians use the pyramid shape Egyptologists have developed three different ideas about why the tombs of the early pharaohs were built in the pyramid shape. Here are : 1.The pyramid represented the first land to appear at the beginning of time- a hill called 'Ben-Ben'. 2.The pyramid had sloping sides so that the dead pharaoh could symbolically بشكل رمزيclimb to the sky and live forever. 3.The pyramid represented the rays of the sunتمثل أشعة الشمس

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9. How were other ancient Egyptians buried كيف كان القدماء المصريون يدفنون  The ancient Egyptians believed that it was important to be buried properly. A proper burial would allow them to live again in the afterlifeما بعد الحياة. Thus, most people who could afford to, spent a lot of time and effort making sure that they would be buried wellيدفنوا و يحنطوا بطريقة صحيحة  Most ordinary ancient Egyptians were probably buried in the desert. Their relatives would wrap their bodyيغطي اجسامهم in a simple cloth and bury it with some everyday objects and food. Pit and moundالتل و حفرة : The earliest royal burials المدافن الملكيةin ancient Egypt were pits dug in the ground with moundsتم حفر حفر في الارض مع تلة بنيت فوقهم built over them.

10. تاريــخ العمـــارة  Those with more wealth الناس الأكثر ثراءwould be able to afford a better burial. The gravesالمقابر of some craftsmen and workers have been found containing a mummified bodyجثث محنطة as well as bread, fruit, amulets and furniture for the afterlife.  Nobles and very wealthy people were often buried in tombs that we call 'mastabas' This kind of tomb has an underground burial chamber and an above ground offering chapel. These tombs would contain the person's mummified body, as well as food, jewellery and special objects.

11. تاريــخ العمـــارة from the first they buried in elliptical pit and laying the body same like its laying at pregnancy in order to assists the second birth with the face to the east the pit developed to one or two rooms and the walls build from bricks. The next development was the mastaba with narrow bent entrance leading to in Development of Tombs

12. تاريــخ العمـــارة Mastaba Mastabas build for kings and governors at the first It constructed from stones or bricks It consist of two parts underground cut in rocks and entered through a tunnel to the fineries room The second is the over ground level consist of one or two rooms with the entrance to the west.one of these rooms for the pharaoh status al serdab Mastabas always have courts, rooms tunnels, rooms and halls for sanctuaries

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15. شكل لمصطبه من درجتين

16. تاريــخ العمـــارة Pyramids of Egypt The ancient Egyptians built pyramids as tombs for the pharaohs and their queens. The pharaohs were buried in pyramids of many different shapes and sizes from before the beginning of the Old Kingdom to the end of the Middle Kingdom. The pyramids of Giza are one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, in fact, it is the only surviving wonder from that ancient world. Everyone who saw the pyramids for the first time will discovered that the pyramids are much bigger than they had imagined.

17. تاريــخ العمـــارة From pictures, one would think they are in the middle of the desert, in fact, they are right on the edge Greater Cairo, the only reason Cairo hasn't surrounded them till now is the restriction on building due to the abundance of archaeological sites around the pyramids. More surprising is the fact that there are around 60 pyramids in Egypt, but no one ever gets to hear about most of the other smaller ones. For example, at Giza there are actually ten pyramids, not three, the other seven are very small and were probably made for the wives of the kings. 1.Step Pyramid of Saqqara 2.The Bent Pyramid 3.The Red Pyramid 4.Pyramids of Giza 5.Sphinx

18. تاريــخ العمـــارة Ancient battered evolution of pyramid building in Egypt

19. تاريــخ العمـــارة. Ancient battered evolution of pyramid building in Egypt

20. تاريــخ العمـــارة 1.Step pyramid of Saqqar first large pyramid in Egypt was the Step Pyramid of Zoser. It was built at Saqqara, about 15 kilometers from Giza Step Pyramid Complex of a pharaoh Djoser- Zozer was built during the Third Dynasty الأسرة الثالثة (ca. 2800 B.C.) in what is called now Saqqara, Egypt. Djoser's Step Pyramid is generally considered the first tomb in Egypt to be built entirely of stone. Step Pyramid had built at Saqqara area which name comes from the suqqara- god of builder. Imhotep build the step pyramid as a majestic tomb for pharaoh Djoser- extend 28m underground and up 60m up ground using lime stones

21. تاريــخ العمـــارة the base of the pyramid is 130x110x60m and covered with white limestone The first mastaba is 10m height and the others are 2m increasing over the down one The entrance is towards the north side It was began as a normal mastaba, but was subsequently enlarged by adding one mastaba on top of another until it consisted of six terraces some (60 meters) high. Inside the pyramid found 40000 archeological pieces form of poetries,chests, and alabasters

22. تاريــخ العمـــارة This pyramid has many layers and looks like several mastabas stacked on top of each other. The surface was originally encased in smooth white limestone. The complex around the saqqara complex contain temples and tombs of kings and nobles. The inside of the tomb above is of one of the ministers.

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24. a plan of the Precinct of Djoser

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26. هرم سقارة المدرج والمجموعة الجنائزية

27. تاريــخ العمـــارة هرم سقارة المدرج

28. تاريــخ العمـــارة Step pyramid, Saqqara (oldest pyramid in Egypt)

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32. Step pyramid

33. تاريــخ العمـــارة 2. Bent Pyramid of Dahshour Located South of Saqqara stand the pyramids of Dhashur (Dahshur). The Bent Pyramid is about 2 km south of the Mastaba Faraoun. The constructor of the pyramid is thought to have been Snefru, 2680-2565 BC), who was the first ruler of the 4th Dynastyالاسرة الرابعة. The Bent Pyramid, is one of three or four pyramids built by the great Pharaoh Snefru in Egypt's Old Kingdom. His sons were pyramid builders who helped create these projects. Cheops was one of his sons. Snefru had the Bent pyramid built as a safe place to rest after he passed on to the other side

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35. هرم سنفرو الاول المنبعج

36. تاريــخ العمـــارة The Bent Pyramid is unique for two reasons. The first reason is the angle change. There were two theories for this change. The first is that the builders may have got tired and wanted to reduce the volume and to finish faster. Another is that when the pyramid at its Medium collapsed, the architect lost his nerve and changed the angle. The angle at Medium was 52 degrees as is the base of the Bent Pyramid. At the bend, the angle is changed to 43.5 degrees up to the peak. The second reason is that it has two entrances. The first is in the middle of the northern side and is about 12m above the ground. It leads to the upper chamber. The second entrance is on the western side and is just above the ground. It leads to the lower chamber. The floors of both chambers were built 4m deep with small stone blocks.

37. تاريــخ العمـــارة During the construction there was a wrong calculation for the angle so it bests at height of 48m to close the convex which was at 43 degree The base of the pyramid is 120x120x 99m covered with white limestone.

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39. It was thought that the bent shape of the pyramid was not architecturally what Sneferu's son set out to build. But due to the weight of the original pyramid was altered. The pyramid was finally abandoned after 20 years of construction as it was not safe. The pyramid itself is in a military controlled area, and is therefore not accessible without military authorization. You can see that a lot of the outer layer is still intact.

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41. The bent pyramid at Dahshur shows us that the ancient Egyptians experimented a lot with the slope of the pyramids. In the middle of construction the builders must have decided that the slope of the building was too steep to continue. Thus, the top half of the pyramid has a different slope. The slope that was used for the upper section of this pyramid was later used by the builders of the Giza pyramids.

42. تاريــخ العمـــارة 3. Red Pyramid of Dahshour The Red Pyramid, given it's name from the colour of the stone that was used to build it, is very close to the bent pyramid. There are no much information about it, but here are some pictures.

43. تاريــخ العمـــارة Red Pyramid

44. تاريــخ العمـــارة Red Pyramid