1. Kelly Lekan

2. Early Reefs First appearance of reefs around 570 million years ago. The first reefs formed were made of cyanobacteria. –Were found living around 3.5 billion years ago Reefs formed by trapping in sediment, and secreting calcium carbonate –Formed stromatolites Reefs were then formed by rugose and tabulate corals –Disappeared during the Devonian

3. Modern Day Reefs Coral reef building started during the Triassic period –Bivalve reefs took over, and then corals became the dominate reef builders after the Cretaceous extinction

4. Coral Reefs ‘Rainforests of the Ocean’ One of the most biologically diverse regions Huge array of species of plant and animal life

5. Formation Environment Form in tropical and semitropical areas Water temperatures between 16 and 30 degrees Celsius Exist within 30 degrees latitude north and south of the equator Shallow, clear water Normal salinity free of suspended matter

7. Reef Formation Corals and zooxanthellae algae –Work together in a symbiotic relationship to build reefs Corals live in colonies –Polyps Secrete a hard exoskeleton of calcium carbonate which serves as a base for the reef –Reefs build by the deposition of calcium carbonate –Upper layer is the living layer of the polyps, and when calcium carbonate is secreted, it leaves behind another layer

8. Types of Reefs Fringing Reefs –Most common type –Project directly offshore of islands or continents –Grow in shallower waters Barrier Reefs –Occur offshore –Separated by a bay or lagoon Atolls –Develop when islands, volcanic, sink and the surrounding reef remains

9. Fringing Reef Barrier Reef Atoll

10. Keys to the Past Plate tectonics Rise and fall of sea level Extinctions/Interruptive events

11. Plate Movement Plate movement can be seen through the distribution of corals throughout the world When one super continent existed, the Tethys Sea ran through the middle of every continent –After American split from Africa and Asia, the Atlantic Ocean formed, and two major areas of coral reef development were formed Caribbean region and the Indo-West Pacific region The distribution of corals today fits the idea of plate tectonics and continental drift

12. Sea Level Rise and Fall Reefs only grow in warm, clear, shallow water Sea level fluctuation can be studied by the existence or non-existence of coral reefs “The position of fossil reefs in geologic strata are an accurate indicator of sea level at the time of formation of the reef, because reefs will always grow to the level of low tide” (Reef Education Network 2001) 17 cycles of sea level rise and fall over the last two million years Can interpret past environments by the formation of reefs

13. Extinctions and Interruptive Events Reef formations altered by three major extinction events –End of the Permian, Triassic, Cretaceous Change in global temperature and a drop in sea level that effected a decrease in reef development Core drilling of reefs –Can look at fossils in reefs and determine periods of growth and decline of reefs

14. Significance of Reefs Biologic significance –Home to a huge assortment of plant and animal life –Contain 25% of all marine life Economic significance –Fishing –Tourists –$375 billion contributed to the U.S. economy annually Artificial Reefs

15. Threats to Reefs Natural –Weather –Natural Disasters Humans –The biggest threat to reefs! –Fishing with explosives –Pollution –Global Warming Coral Bleaching

16. References Adams, Chuck, Lindberg, Bill, Stevely, John. 2006. The Economic Benefits Associated with Florida’s Artificial Reefs. University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/FE649 http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/FE649 Agardy, Tundi. 2004. America’s Coral Reefs: Awash with Problems. Issues in Science and Technology. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3622/is_200401/ai_n9371079/printhttp://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3622/is_200401/ai_n9371079/print Exploring the Environment: Coral Reefs. 2004. Wheeling Jesuit University/NASA supported Classroom of the Future. http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/coralreef/CRmain.htmlhttp://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/coralreef/CRmain.html Reef Education Network. 2001. Life and Times: Origins. University of Sydney and Tech Talk Australia. http://www.reef.edu.au/contents/lt/fr_origins.htmlhttp://www.reef.edu.au/contents/lt/fr_origins.html Solcomhouse. Coral Reefs. http://www.solcomhouse.com/coralreef.htmhttp://www.solcomhouse.com/coralreef.htm Thurman, H.V. 1993. Essentials of Oceanography. Macmillian Publishing, New York. 4th Edition, p. 336-341. http://www.geology.iupui.edu/academics/CLASSES/g130/reefs/EO.htmhttp://www.geology.iupui.edu/academics/CLASSES/g130/reefs/EO.htm Underwater Science Program. 2002. Artificial Reefs of the Florida Keys. Indiana University. http://www.indiana.edu/~scuba/artificial.html http://www.indiana.edu/~scuba/artificial.html United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2007. Coral Reef Protection: About Coral Reefs. http://www.epa.gov/owow/oceans/coral/about.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/owow/oceans/coral/about.html United States Geological Survey. 2005. Coral Reef Facts. http://coralreefs.wr.usgs.gov/facts1.html http://coralreefs.wr.usgs.gov/facts1.html Weisburd, Steve. 1986. Artificial Reefs. Science News. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_v130/ai_4326693/print http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1200/is_v130/ai_4326693/print Wood, Rachel. 2002. Dodging mass extinctions: all around, species were dying off. But in this Devonian reef, like went on. Why? Natural History. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1134/is_01_111/ai_95357574/print http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1134/is_01_111/ai_95357574/print

17. Images http://www.solcomhouse.com/coralreef.htm image slide 1http://www.solcomhouse.com/coralreef.htm http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/coralreef/CRcoralreefs.html image slide 1http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/coralreef/CRcoralreefs.html : www.mbgnet.net/salt/coral/faq.htm image slide 3www.mbgnet.net/salt/coral/faq.htm www.cdnn.info/news/article/a020412.html image slide 4www.cdnn.info/news/article/a020412.html http://www.solcomhouse.com/coralreef.htm image slide 6http://www.solcomhouse.com/coralreef.htm http://www.geology.iupui.edu/academics/CLASSES/g130/reefs/EO.h tm image slide 7http://www.geology.iupui.edu/academics/CLASSES/g130/reefs/EO.h tm http://www.solcomhouse.com/coralreef.htm images slide 8http://www.solcomhouse.com/coralreef.htm http://www.solcomhouse.com/coralreef.htm images slide 9http://www.solcomhouse.com/coralreef.htm www.dailycal.org/printable.php?id=3993 image slide 14www.dailycal.org/printable.php?id=3993 www.gasdetection.com/news2/health_news_digest... Image slide 14www.gasdetection.com/news2/health_news_digest... www.science.uts.edu.au/.../karin_ulstrup.html image slide 15www.science.uts.edu.au/.../karin_ulstrup.html