2.  Introduction.  Definition of vitamins.  Classification of vitamins.  Difference between water soluble & fat soluble vitamins.  Structure and role of vitamins as coenzymes.  Diseases produced by vitamins deficiency.

3.  Vitamins are micronutrients.  Essential nutrients.  Needed in small amounts for growth, reproduction, and overall health.

4.  Vitamins differ from macronutrients- in structure, function and amounts.  Vitamins are similar to macronutrients-all are vital to life, organic and available from all food group.  Both deficiencies and excesses of a vitamin can affect health.

5. Vitamins are organic nutrients that are required in small quantities for a variety of biochemical functions and which generally cannot be synthesized in the body and must be supplied by the diet.

8. Water soluble vitamins Fat soluble vitamins Solubility Water solubleFat soluble Absorption SimpleAlong with lipids Storage *No storageStored in liver Excretion ExcretedNot excreted Excess intake NontoxicToxic Deficiency Manifests rapidlyManifests slowly Treatment Regular dietary supplySingle large dose

12.  It has a key role in carbohydrate metabolism.  Coenzyme.

13.  Beriberi (means “I can’t, I can’t”) chronic peripheral neuritis which may or may not be associated with heart failure and edema.  Acute pernicious beriberi (shoshin beriberi) in which heart failure and metabolic abnormalities predominate without peripheral neuritis.

14.  The two biologically active forms are flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD).  FMN and FAD are coenzymes in oxidation/reduction reactions.  FMN and FAD are each capable of reversibly accepting two hydrogen atoms, forming FMNH2 or FADH2.  FMN and FAD are bound tightly flavoenzymes that catalyze the oxidation or reduction of a substrate.

15.  Has a central role in energy yielding metabolism. FAD - flavin adenine dinucleotide.  Riboflavin is a precursor for FAD and FMN. FMN - Flavin mononucleotide FMN is an electron carrier in the electron transport chain. FAD is a cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), and succinate dehydrogenase in TCA cycle.

16.  It is widespread but not fatal.  Characterized by: Cheilosis. (cracks in corners of mouth and lips). Lingual desquamation. (Swollen, reddened tongue). Seborrheic dermatitis.

17. Forms: nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. It can be synthesized in the body from the essential amino acid Tryptophan.

18.  A precursor for the coenzymes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and its phosphorylated derivative, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) in oxidation-reduction reactions.  Treatment of hyperlipidemia

19. Pellagra: The Four D’s: (Dermatitis, Diarrhea, Dementia, Death) It is characterized by a photosensitive dermatitis. As the condition progresses there is dementia possibly diarrhea and if untreated death.

20.  Part of Coenzyme A which plays an important role in energy metabolism.  Is essential for the formation of ATP from the breakdown of carbohydrates, protein, fat. pantothenic acid

22. Pantothenic acid deficiency is a very rare occurrence.

23.  Six compounds have vitamin B6 activity:  Pyridoxine.  pyridoxal.  pyridoxamine.  and their 5’-phosphates.

24.  The alcohol form of vitamin-B6 is called pyridoxine (-CH2OH)  The aldehyde form of vitamin-B6 is called pyridoxal (-CHO)  The amine form of vitamin-B6 is called pyridoxamine (-CH2NH2).

25.  Precursor for the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) which is important in amino acid and glycogen metabolism and in steroid hormone action.  Pyridoxine (B6) is used as anti-emetic drug (prevent vomiting).

27.  Biotin is a coenzyme of carboxylase enzymes.

28.  Biotin deficiency does not occur naturally because the vitamin is widely distributed in food.  Also, It is synthesized by intestinal flora in excess of requirements.

29. Note:  The addition of raw egg white to the diet as a source of protein induces symptoms of biotin deficiency.  Raw egg white contains a glycoprotein, avidin, which tightly binds biotin and prevents its absorption from the intestine.

30.  Folic acid (folate), which plays a key role in one-carbon metabolism, is essential for the biosynthesis of several compounds.  The need for folate rises considerably during pregnancy and whenever cells are multiplying. Folic acid

31.  Coenzyme that transfers single carbons to build larger molecules.  Tetra hydro folate (reduced folate) receives one-carbon fragments from donors such as serine, glycine and histidine and transfers them to intermediates in the synthesis of amino acids, purines, and thymidine mono phosphate (TMP)—a pyrimidine found in DNA.

32.  It helps the body use proteins, builds red blood cells, and forms genetic material.  It prevents birth defects that damage the brain and spinal cord.

33.  Megaloblastic anemia.

34.  Neural tube defects: (Inability of nerve cells to divide and make new cells) Spina bifida Anencephaly

35.  The term vitamin B12 is used as a generic descriptor for the cobalamins those corrinoids (cobalt containing compounds possessing the corrin ring) having the biologic activity of the vitamin.

36.  Cobalamin may refer to several chemical forms of vitamin B12, depending on the upper axial ligand of the cobalt ion.  These are: Cyanocobalamin (R = –CN) Hydroxocobalamin (R = –OH) Methylcobalamin (R = –CH 3 ) 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin (R = –Ado)

37.  Vitamin B12 is a nutrient that helps keep the body’s nerve and blood cells healthy and helps make DNA, the genetic material in all cells.

38.  Pernicious anemia and Neurological problems.

40. VitaminCoenzyme 1.Thiamin (B 1 ) 2.Riboflavin (B 2 ) 3.Niacin (B3) 4.Pyridoxine (B 6 ) 5.Biotin (B7) 6.Folate (B9) 7.Pantothenic acid (B5) 8.Cobalamin (B12) Thiamin-pyrophosphate (TPP) FMN & FAD NAD & NADP Pyridoxal phosphate (PLP) Biotin Tetra-hydro-folate (FH4) Coenzyme A Methylcobalamin, 5'-deoxyadenosylcobalamin

41.  The active form of Vitamin C is ascorbic acid.  Humans do not have the enzyme systems required for the synthesis of vitamin C and must get it as an external supply.

42.  The most important function for vitamin C is the synthesis of collagen, the principal tissue protein found in teeth, bones, tendons, blood vessels.  Antioxidant.

43. It results in scurvy, a disease characterized by skin changes, bleeding gum, tooth loss, fragile blood capillaries and bone fracture, many of which can be attributed to deficient collagen synthesis.

44. Vitamin Deficiency Manifestations C (L-Ascorbic acid) Scurvy B1 (Thiamin) Beriberi B3 (Niacin) Pellagra Folic acidMegaloblastic anemia B 12 (Cobalamin)Pernicious Anemia

46.  Vitamin A occurs in two forms in food:

47.  Retinoids: Comprise:  Retinol (alcohol)  Retinal (aldehyde) (Retinaldehyde)  Retinoic acid. (preformed vitamin A, found only in foods of animal origin).

48. β -ionone ring

49.  Carotenoids:  Found in plants.  Comprise carotenes and related compounds.  known as provitamin A, as they can be cleaved to yield retinaldehyde and hence retinol and retinoic acid.  The α, β, and γ carotenes are the most important provitamin A carotenoids.

51.  Vision.  Antioxidant.  Regulation of gene expression & tissue differentiation.

52.  Night blindness.  Xerophthalmia.  Infections.  keratinization of skin.  Impairment of immune responses.

53.  Vitamin D is not strictly a vitamin since it can be synthesized in the skin, and under most conditions that is its major source.  Only when sunlight is inadequate is a dietary source required.

54.  Diet:  Ergocalciferol (vitamin D2), found in plants.  Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3), found in animal tissues.  Are sources of preformed vitamin D activity.  Endogenous vitamin precursor: (body can synthesize it but human should exposed to sun).

55.  7-Dehydrocholesterol (an intermediate in the synthesis of cholesterol that accumulates in the skin), on exposure to ultraviolet light converted to Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3), which is absorbed into the bloodstream.

56.  Vitamin D3 is metabolically inactive until it is hydroxylated in the kidney & the liver to the active form 1,25 Dihydroxycholecalciferol.  1,25 DHC acts as a hormone rather than a vitamin endocrine & paracrine properties.

57.  The main function of vitamin D is in the regulation of calcium absorption.  Calcitriol is involved in insulin secretion, synthesis and secretion of parathyroid and thyroid hormones.

58.  Rickets (in children).

59.  Osteoporosis: bone loss disease.  Osteomalacia (in adults).

60.  Vitamin E is the generic descriptor for two families of compounds:  The tocopherols.  The tocotrienols.  the most active is D-α-tocopherol.

61.  The main function of vitamin E is as a chain-breaking, free radical trapping antioxidant in cell membranes and plasma lipoproteins.

62.  Hemolytic anemia

63.  Vitamin K forms: -In plants as phylloquinone (K1). - In intestinal bacterial flora as menaquinone (k2). -A synthetic form of vitamin K, menadione. Phylloquinone

64.  It is required for synthesis of blood clotting proteins.

65.  A true vitamin K deficiency is unusual because adequate amounts are generally produced by intestinal bacteria or obtained from the diet.  Bleeding tendency.

66.  Many researchers have claimed that vitamin supplementation do not only provide no real health benefits, but could also be the source of increased mortality.  In some cases, dietary supplementation could have unwanted effects, especially with other dietary supplements and medicines.

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