1. ETSI – TS 103 199 – Life Cycle Assessment of ICT
Dr. Anders S.G. Andrae

2. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of ICT equipment, networks and services: General methodology and common requirements
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI

3. Introduction – Problems addressed
ISO 14040, ISO and the ILCD Handbook are recognized as normative LCA knowledge documents for “any” application
Based on the ISO standards, numerous LCA results for ICT with different quality and inconsistent result presentations have been provided – EU requirement on improvement
Standardization of LCA of ICT IS DEFINATELY NEEDED!
ETSI has responded to the gap
Work started in and will finish in 2011
The ETSI standard for ICT LCA is intended to be more specific than ISO 14040/ISO 14044, but less specific than, e.g., Japanese Product Category Rules for, e.g., notebooks
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI

4. Features of the new ETSI LCA standard
Based on ISO 14040, ISO and the ILCD Handbook
Lifetimes – Defined
Functional units (f.u.) – Basic f.u. defined
System boundaries – Life Cycle Stages and Unit Processes Identified and Classified as Mandatory or Optional
-The level of detail is relativelely high  good guidance for users
Rules for Cut–off if they cannot be avoided
Data quality evalution – Qualitative requirements defined for all life cycle stages and unit processes
Allocation methods – Specified. E.g., 50/50 allocation prefereed between Raw Matr. Aquisition and Metal recycling.
Detailed reporting instructions (diagrams, tables) ...will help, e.g., 3rd party reviewers 4
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 4

5. General requirements - Life cycle stages
A. Equipment Raw material acquisition which is composed by
Raw material extraction (A1)
Raw material processing (A2)
B. Production which is composed by
ICT Equipment production (B1)
Support Equipment production (B2)
C. Use which is composed by
ICT Equipment Use (C1)
Support Equipment Use (C2)
Operator activities (C3)
Service Provider Activities (C4)
D. Equipment End of Life Treatment
Re–use (D1)
ICT specific EoLT (D2)
Other EoLT (D3)
7 categories of
Re-occuring Generic
Unit Processes, e.g.,
Transportation, Energy
supply 5
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 5

6. General requirements - Lifetime
Lifetime is (always) critical for the interpretation of the results of (ICT) LCAs
Operating lifetime: The duration of the actual use period (consisting of both active and non–active periods) for the first user. Storage time is not included in operating lifetime.
Operating lifetime shall always be reported and be based on available information on actual product use. 6
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 6

7. Goal&Scope Definition - Intro
Any ICT Equipment which can be part of a Network delivering voice and/or data lies within the scope of the ETSI LCA standard. 7
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 7

8. Goal&Scope Definition – Functional Unit
The number of users/subscribers supported shall be specified and the traffic profile shall be considered where applicable.
MANDATORY BASIC FUNCTIONAL UNITS
Annual ICT Equipment use (per one year of ICT Equipment use) or Total ICT Equipment use per lifetime of ICT Equipment.
Annual Network use
Annual Service use. 8
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 8

9. Goal&Scope Definition – System Boundaries
System boundary
A: EQUIPMENT RAW MATERIAL ACQUISITION
A1. Raw material extraction
A2. Raw material processing
G1. TRANSPORTS&TRAVEL
B: PRODUCTION
B1. ICT Equipment production
B1.1 Parts production
B1.2 Assembly
B1.3 ICT manufacturer support activities
B2. Support Equipment production
B2.1 Support Equipment manufacturing
B2.2 Site construction
C: USE
C1. ICT Equipment use
C2. Support Equipment use
C3. Operator activities
C4. Service provider activities
D: EQUIPMENT END-OF-LIFE TREATMENT
D1. Re–use of ICT Equipment
D2. ICT specific EoLT
D2.1 Disassembly/Dismantling/Shredding
D2.2 Recycling
D3. Other EoLT
G2. ELECTRICITY SUPPLY
G3. FUEL SUPPLY
G4. OTHER ENERGY SUPPLY
G5. RAW MATERIAL AQUISTION
G5.1. Raw material extraction
G5.2. Raw material processing
G6. END-OF-LIFE TREATMENT
G6.1 EHW treatment
G6.2 Other waste treatment
G7. RAW MATERIAL RECYCLING 9
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 9

10. Goal&Scope Definition – System Boundaries Classification “Table 1” within your product system10
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 10

11. Goal&Scope Definition – System Boundaries11
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 11

12. Goal&Scope Definition – Support activities
The term Support activities refers to, e.g., offices including ICT use for marketing, sales and R&D, and also to business travel, commuting and service vehicles.
Support activities are optional to include but should be included where possible.
The extent in which Support activities and other Optional activities are included for different parts of the life cycle shall be clearly described in the study report. 12
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 12

13. Goal&Scope Definition – Raw Material Acquisition
System boundary
A1. Raw material extraction
A2. Raw material processing
B. PRODUCTION
G7. RAW MATERIAL RECYCLING 13
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 13

14. Goal&Scope Definition – Production14
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 14

15. Goal&Scope Definition – Use
System boundary
C3. Operator activities
D. EoLT
B.PRODUCTION
C2. Support Equipment Use
C1. ICT Equipment use
C4. Service provider activities 15
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 15

16. Goal&Scope Definition – End-of-Life
System boundary
D3. Other EoLT
C. USE
D1 Re–use of ICT Equipment
D2 ICT specific EoLT
D2.1 Storage/Disassembly/Dismantling/Shredding
D2.2 Recycling
D2.2.1 Battery recycling
ICT specific metal/mechanical parts/fractions EoLT
D2.2.2 PCBA recycling
D2.2.3 Cable recycling
D2.2.4 Mechanics recycling
D2.2.5 Other ICT recycling
G7. RAW MATERIAL RECYCLING 16
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 16

17. Goal&Scope Definition – Networks System Boundaries
For the Network under study applicable types of nodes and infrastructure, as well as amounts of these, shall be defined.
Functional Block diagrams (HW and SW) essential for showing study scope
The impact from software development shall be included.
The Network shall be defined in terms of ICT equipment, Support Equipment and infrastructure.
Operator activities (mainly installation, maintenance and de-installation) shall always be included 17
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 17

18. Goal&Scope Definition – Services System Boundaries
In order to calculate the impact of a Service, it is necessary to first assess the Network
Most often (i.e., in a multi–service situation) an allocation of an appropriate amount of the Network impact to the Service under study is needed
Service software development, Service use of consumables, Service sales and logistics infrastructure, Service associated travels and transports
Data centers are key
Service provider activities
Positive and negative impacts 18
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 18

19. Goal&Scope Definition – Cut-off rules
Cut–offs shall be avoided as far as possible!
Table 1 constitute a significant share for typical product systems in ICT LCAs
The intention is that all Mandatory life cycle stages/unit processes of Table 1 shall be included
Model unavailable data based on known data
Mandatory to:
motivate clearly eventual cut–offs of mandatory life cycle stages/unit processes from Table 1
describe clearly the cut–off criteria used within a study
consider unit processes/flows that have been cut–off for the sensitivity analysis. 19
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 19

20. Goal&Scope Definition – Data quality requirements
Generic data: Data from any relevant data source which need not be specific for ICT applications and processes. Generic data is always secondary.
Specific data: Data emerging from, in this case, ICT specific applications and processes. This data could be either primary or secondary.
Primary data: Data collected/estimated/measured by a researcher, specifically for the LCA project; for example, pilot studies or customer or producer surveys.
Secondary data: Data that has been collected for another purpose, but can be analyzed again in a subsequent study; for example, LCA estimates by academia, government, or industry organizations. 20
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 20

21. Goal&Scope Definition – Data quality requirements onTable 121
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 21

22. Goal&Scope Definition – Data quality requirements on Table 1 cont22
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 22

23. Life Cycle Inventory – Data collection
The LCA practitioner shall report for which processes transports/energy supplies have been added separately and for which they are “hidden”.
For many products (especially end–user equipment), periods of idling and power off are important to model the usage profile and shall be considered. 23
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 23

24. Life Cycle Inventory - Allocation rules
Generic processes (G1–G7) shall be allocated as a whole to the life cycle stage in which they are used
Support activities…
Facilities…
Transports shall be allocated based on chargeable weight
Recycling: The 50/50 method shall be used to allocate use of recycled Raw Material between A1-A2 and D.
If used LCI data (e.g., for gold production) do not reveal the scrap% of metal, the 100/0 method is allowed. No metal recycling in EoLT allowed with 100/0. 24
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 24

25. Life Cycle Inventory – Allocation rules – 50/5025
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 25

26. Life Cycle Inventory – Allocation rules – 100/026
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 26

27. Life Cycle Inventory - Allocation rules for Equipment data to Networks
End–user equipment (e.g., PCs, smart phones) which is accessing more than one Network (e.g. 3G, WLAN) shall be allocated to these Networks based on use time
Impact from shared Network resources (e.g., transmission equipment, core nodes and data centers) shall be allocated to an access network based on data traffic 27
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 27

28. Life Cycle Inventory - Allocation rules for Network data to Services
Data for End–users– and home/CPE equipment:
to be allocated based on active use time of the Service
Data for transport equipment:
to be allocated based on data traffic
The data center(s), where the Service is operated, as well as the Service provider activities shall be allocated based on number of subscriptions and Service users 28
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 28

29. Life Cycle Impact Assessment
The baseline model of 100 years of the IPCC (GWP100) LCIA method is mandatory (shall) as mid–point impact assessment indicator for climate change.
For other mid-points Impact Assessment Categories than Climate Change and Ozone Depletion there are several Category indicators developed. If these mid–points are included in the study scope the ILCD Handbook shall be followed as close as possible.
Also for best End-point assessment practise the ILCD Handbook for LCIA shall be consulted. 29
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 29

30. Life Cycle Interpretation - how robust are the results and conclusions?
The challenge of the completeness check is to overcome the paradox of evaluating the degree of completeness of the product system when not knowing 100% of it.
If two or more ICT Equipment, Networks or Services LCA results do not differ significantly there is a risk of erroneous interpretations.
The significance is determined for instance by magnitude in difference, modeling assumptions, and LCA software program calculation algorithm. 30
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 30

31. Comparative LCA between ICT and business as usual (BAU) systems - reduction potential
LCAs with the same goal&scope, system boundaries and functional unit need to be performed for both the ICT Service and the BAU Service it replaces
Especially as identical as possible system boundaries for the Raw Material Acquisition and Production Phases.
For the BAU Service the associated environmental impacts shall be estimated according to travel and infrastructure first order effects. The first order effects are those directly attributable to the Services. The reduction potential is the second order effect. Rebound effects are outside the scope. 31
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 31

32. Comparative LCA between ICT and business as usual (BAU) systems - Example
Travel
Paper usage
Buildings
PCs
Data centers
BAU Service
30,000
200
ICT Service
15,000
100
Reduction potential = ICT Service – BAU Service
15,000–30,000 = –15,000 tons/year
–100 tons/year
0 tons/year
+200 tons/year
TOTAL reduction potential
–14,700 tons/year 32
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 32

33. Reporting
Common ways of reporting  increase transparency and a proper basis for interpretation of results.
The following shall be transparently reported and motivated:
Operating lifetime
Cut–off
Allocations
Data sources 33
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 33

34. Reporting – ICT Equipment34
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 34

35. Reporting – ICT Equipment35
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 35

36. Reporting – Networks 36
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 36

37. Reporting – Networks 37
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 37

38. Reporting – ICT Equipment, Network and Service38
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 38

39. Reporting - Mandatory set of parts for LCA of ICT equipment.39
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 39

40. Reporting - Mandatory set of parts for LCA of ICT equipment - ICs40
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 40

41. Reporting - Reporting format for included life cycle stages, activities and generic processes41
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 41

42. Reporting - Reporting format for raw materials42
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 42

43. Reporting - Reporting format for Parts production43
© 2011 – Proprietary and Information of ETSI 43

44. Contact anders.andrae@huawei.com
© 2011 – Proprietary Information of ETSI