1. Human Biology Sylvia S. Mader Michael Windelspecht
Chapter 19
Cancer
Lecture Outline
Part 1
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2. Cancer
See separate FlexArt PowerPoint slides for all figures and tables pre-inserted into PowerPoint without notes 2

3. Points to ponder What are characteristics of cancer cells?
What are the 3 stages in the development of cancer?
What are angiogenesis and metastasis?
How do proto-oncogene and tumor-suppressor genes normally act, and how can they become cancerous?
Explain different types of cancer, depending on tissue type involved.
What are some genetic and environmental causes of cancer?
What does CAUTION stand for in regards to cancer?

4. Points to ponder
What are some regular screening tests you can get to help prevent cancer?
Know how to do self exams.
What are tumor marker and genetic tests?
What are some standard treatments for cancer?
What are some newer cancer therapies?
What is your opinion on controlling tobacco? 4

5. Characteristics of cancer cells
Lack ________________ and do not contribute to body functioning
Have abnormal nuclei that are enlarged and may have an abnormal number of _________________
Unlimited ability to divide
One way is through turning on the telomerase gene that allows telomeres on chromosomes to continually be built, thus allowing a cell to divide over and over again.

6. Characteristics of cancer cells
Form tumors
__________ tumors are usually encapsulated and do not invade adjacent tissue, while a cancerous tumor usually is not encapsulated and eventually invades surrounding tissue.
Can divide without growth factors
Become abnormal gradually through a multistage process
Undergo __________ and ____________ 6

7. 3 phases in the development of cancer cells
__________ – a single cell undergoes a mutation that causes it to divide repeatedly
__________ – a tumor develops and cells within the tumor mutate
__________ – a cell mutates in such a way that allows it to invade surrounding tissue

8. 3 phases in the development of cancer cells
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epithelial cells
1 mutation
a. Cell (dark pink)
acquires a
mutation for
repeated cell
division.
2 mutations
b. New mutations
arise, and one
cell (brown) has
the ability to
start a tumor.
3 mutations
tumor
c. Cancer insitu.
The tumor is at
its place of
origin .One cell
(purple) mutates
further.
lymphatic
vessel
blood
vessel
invasive
tumor
d. Cells have
gained the
ability to invade
underlying
tissues by
producing a
proteinase
enzyme.
malignant
tumor
e. Cancer cells
now have the
ability to invade
lymphatic and
blood vessels.
distant tumor
Figure Progression from a
single mutation to a tumor.
f. New metastatic
tumors are found
some distance
from the original
tumor.
lymphatic
vessel 8

9. What are angiogenesis and metastasis?
19.1 Cancer Cells
What are angiogenesis and metastasis?
_______________ is the formation of new blood vessels to supply nutrients and oxygen to the tumor.
____________ occurs when cells move into the bloodstream or lymphatic vessels and form new tumors at distant sites from the primary tumor.

10. The genetic basis for cancer
19.1 Cancer Cells
The genetic basis for cancer
Proto-oncogenes – products promote the cell cycle and prevent cell death (__________)
Tumor suppressor genes – products ______ the cell cycle and __________ apoptosis
Mutations in these genes can cause cancer; in fact, proto-oncogenes that have mutated are cancer-causing genes called oncogenes.
“KMj

11. 19.1 Cancer Cells
Mutations in proto-oncogenes produce oncogenes that stimulate the cell cycle
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stimulating growth factor
receptor
plasma
membrane
signaling
pathway
cytoplasm
“KMj
transcription factor
protein that
over stimulates
the cell cycle
nucleus
oncogene
Figure Mutations in proto-oncogenes produce oncogenes that stimulate the cell cycle. 11

12. Mutations in tumor suppressor genes cause a loss of cell cycle control
19.1 Cancer Cells
Mutations in tumor suppressor genes cause a loss of cell cycle control
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
inhibiting growth factor
receptor
plasma
membrane
signaling
pathway
cytoplasm
“KMj
transcription factor
protein that
unable to inhibit
the cell cycle
or promote
apoptosis
nucleus
mutated tumor suppressor gene
Figure Mutations in tumor suppressor genes cause a loss of cell cycle control. 12

13. Types of cancer _________ is the study of cancer.
19.1 Cancer Cells
Types of cancer
_________ is the study of cancer.
___________: cancers of the epithelial tissue
Adenocarcinomas: cancers of glandular epithelial cells
__________: cancers of muscle and connective tissues
__________: cancers of the blood
__________: cancers of lymphatic tissues

14. Causes of cancer Genetics Environmental carcinogens Radiation
19.2 Causes and Prevention of Cancer
Causes of cancer
Genetics
Environmental carcinogens
Radiation
Environmental carcinogens (tobacco smoke and pollutants)
Viruses

15. Estimated cases of cancer and cancer deaths in the United States
19.2 Causes and Prevention of Cancer
Estimated cases of cancer and cancer deaths in the United States
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Male
Female
Male
Female
prostate
29%
breast
30%
lung and bronchus
29%
lung and bronchus
26%
lung and bronchus
14%
lung and bronchus
14%
colon and rectum 8%
breast
15%
colon and rectum 9%
colon and rectum 9%
prostate
11%
colon and rectum 9%
urinary bladder 6%
uterine corpus 6%
pancreas 6%
pancreas 6%
melanoma of the skin 5%
non-hodgkin lymphoma 4%
leukemia 4%
ovary 5%
non-hodgkin lymphoma 5%
melanoma of the skin 4%
liver and intrahepatic bile duct 4%
non-hodgkin lymphoma 4%
kidney and renal pelvis 5%
thyroid 5%
esophagus 4%
leukemia 3%
oral cavity 3%
ovary 3%
non-hodgkin lymphoma 3%
uterine corpus 3%
leukemia 3%
kidney and renal pelvis 3%
urinary bladder 4%
liver and intrahpatic bile duct 2%
pancreas 3%
pancreas 3%
kidney and renal pelvis 3%
brain and other nervous system 2%
all other sites
20%
all other sites
18%
all other sites
23%
all other sites
24%
all sites 822,300
all sites 774,370
all sites 300,430
all sites 271,520
a. Cancer cases by site and sex
b. Cancer deaths by site and sex
Figure Estimated cases of cancer and cancer deaths in the United States. 15