1. Mexico Did you know Mexico City is the 2 nd largest city in the world? *Adapted from AP Comparative Government and Politics by Ethel Wood.

3. Introduction  Model LDC  “Mexican Miracle”  Zapatistas  2000 Election

4. Legitimacy  Revolution of 1910-1917  Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)  Historical Traditions:  Authoritarianism  Populism  Divisions within elite  Instability and legitimacy issues

5. Political Culture  cultural heterogeneity  Patron-clientism  instability and legitimacy  economic dependency Some important characteristics of the national identity are:

6. Geographical features  Some geographical features that have influenced the political development of Mexico are:  Mountains and deserts, varied climates  Natural resources  A long (2000-mile-long) border with the United States  Almost 100 million population  Urban population

7. Political Change  Historical influences  Independence in 1821  Colonialism  Independence/new nationhood  Porfiriato

8. Colonialism  From 1519 to 1821 Spain controlled the area that is now Mexico.  From 1519 to 1821 Spain controlled the area that is now Mexico.  Social status hierarchy, with Spanish born in Spain on top and the native Amerindians on the bottom.  Social status hierarchy, with Spanish born in Spain on top and the native Amerindians on the bottom.  Colonialism left several enduring influences:  cultural heterogeneity  cultural heterogeneity  Catholicism  economic dependency.

9. INDEPENDENCE: NEW COUNTRY (1810-1911)  Spain finally recognized Mexico's independence in 1821.  Spain finally recognized Mexico's independence in 1821.  Stability and order did not follow, with a total of thirty-six presidents serving between 1833 and 1855.  Important influences during this period were:  instability and legitimacy issues -  rise of the military.  rise of the military.  domination by the United States  liberal vs. conservative struggle

10. “EL PORFIRIATO" (1876-1911)  Porfirio Diaz - one of Juarez's generals - staged a military coup in 1876 and instituted himself as the President of Mexico with a promise that he would not serve more than one term of office.  Porfirio Diaz - one of Juarez's generals - staged a military coup in 1876 and instituted himself as the President of Mexico with a promise that he would not serve more than one term of office.   Ruled Mexico with an iron hand for 34 years.  Ruled Mexico with an iron hand for 34 years.  Influences of the "Porfiriato" are:  stability  authoritarianism  foreign investment and economic growth  growing gap between the rich and the poor  Diaz' regime ended with a coup from within the elite, sparking the Revolution of 1910.

11. Influences since 1910  The Revolution of 1910 marked the end of the "Porfiriato" and another round of instability and disorder.

12. THE CHAOS OF THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY  Revolution of 1910  Patron-client system  caudillos - political/military strongmen from different areas of the country - rose to challenge one another for power.  caudillos - political/military strongmen from different areas of the country - rose to challenge one another for power.  Two popular leaders - Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa - emerged to lead peasant armies and establish another dimension to the rebellion.  Two popular leaders - Emiliano Zapata and Pancho Villa - emerged to lead peasant armies and establish another dimension to the rebellion.

13. Which led to…  Constitution of 1917  Conflict with the Church  The Establishment of the PRI

14. THE CARDENAS UPHEAVAL - 1934 - 1940  “The Roosevelt of Mexico” brought change  Redistribution of land  Nationalization of industry Investments in public works  Encouragement of peasant and union organizations Concentration of power in the presidency

15. THE EMERGENCE OF THE TECNICOS AND THE PENDULUM THEORY  Pendulum Theory  Tecnicos  Politicos  Mexican Miracle

16. Politics and Society  Cleavages that have direct impact on the political system:  Urban v. Rural  North v. South

17. Citizen and State  Protests: citizens included in political process:  Tlatelolco Plaza  Chiapas

18. Patron-Client System  Roots in warlordism and loyalty to the early 19th century caudillos.  Roots in warlordism and loyalty to the early 19th century caudillos.  Camarilla  Most positions within the President's cabinet are filled either by supporters or by heads of other camarillas that the President wants to appease.  Most positions within the President's cabinet are filled either by supporters or by heads of other camarillas that the President wants to appease.  Patron-Clientism:  compromise among contending elites  behind the scenes conflict resolution  distribution of political rewards  control in the hands of the government elite

19. Voter Behavior  Factors that influence voter behavior today:  Age  Education  region

20. Political Development  "DEVELOPED," "DEVELOPING," OR "LESS DEVELOPED"?  GDP Per Capita - PPP - Purchasing Power Parity  HDI - Human Development Index  Economic Dependency

21. Mexico in the Middle  No matter which way you figure it, Mexico comes out somewhere in the middle, with some countries more developed and some less. Since these indices in general are moving upward over time for Mexico, it is said to be "developing."

22. Transitional Democracy  Political accountability  Political competition  Political freedom  Political equality

23. Mexico’s Democratic Characteristics  Mexico - especially in recent years - has developed some democratic characteristics, but still has many vestiges of its authoritarian past.  Mexico - especially in recent years - has developed some democratic characteristics, but still has many vestiges of its authoritarian past.  Another often used standard for considering a country a democracy is the longevity of democratic practices.  Another often used standard for considering a country a democracy is the longevity of democratic practices.   If a nation shows consistent democratic practices for a period of 40 years or so (a somewhat arbitrary number), then it may be declared a stable democracy.  If a nation shows consistent democratic practices for a period of 40 years or so (a somewhat arbitrary number), then it may be declared a stable democracy.   Mexico does not fit this description.

24. Political parties  Three largest parties:  PRI  PAN  PRD

25. PRI - The Partido Revolucionario Institucional  party is characterized by:  a corporatist structure  patron-client system

26. PAN - The National Action Party  PAN's platform includes:  regional autonomy  less government intervention in the economy  clean and fair elections  good rapport with the Catholic Church  support for private and religious education  PAN is usually considered to be PRI's opposition to the right.

27. PRD - The Democratic Revolutionary Party  PRI's opposition on the left.  PRI's opposition on the left.  Their presidential candidate in 1988 and 1994 was Cauhtemoc Cardenas  PRD has been plagued by problems  PRD has been plagued by problems  trouble defining a left of center alternative to the market-oriented policies established by PRI.  trouble defining a left of center alternative to the market-oriented policies established by PRI.  Their leaders have also been divided on issues poor organization  Cardenas is not as charismatic as his famous father.

28. ELECTIONS  Directly elected president, Chamber of Deputy Representatives, and Senators, as well as a host of state and local officials.  Directly elected president, Chamber of Deputy Representatives, and Senators, as well as a host of state and local officials.  typical voter profiles are:  PRI - small town or rural, less educated, older, poorer  PAN - from the north, middle-class professional or business, urban, better educated (at least high school, some college)  PRD - younger, politically active, from the central states, some education, small town or urban

29. ELECTION REFORMS  Campaign finance restrictions  International watch team  The election of 2000 broke all precedents when a joint PAN/PRD candidate - Vicente Fox - won the presidency, finally displacing the 71 year dominance of PRI.

30. Elections today….  Elections in Mexico today are :  competitive primarily in urban areas.  competitive primarily in urban areas.  Fraudulent  patron-client system encourages bribery and favor-swapping  Pressure for fairer elections

31. Interest Groups  Business interests have networked with political leaders to protect the growth of commerce, finance, industry and agriculture.  Business interests have networked with political leaders to protect the growth of commerce, finance, industry and agriculture.  Labor has been similarly accommodated within the system

32. Political Institutions   Mexico is a federal republic with three branches:   executive branch   legislature   judiciary   Democratic in name, traditionally the country has been authoritarian and corporatist.   Theory v. Practice:   According to the Constitution of 1917, Mexican political institutions resemble those of the U.S.   Actually, Mexican system is very different from that of the United States.   Strong presidential system.

33. The Executive  Fox v. Labastida  This election may mark the end of patron-clientism and the beginning of a true democratic state.  This election may mark the end of patron-clientism and the beginning of a true democratic state.  policy making in Mexico had centered on the presidency.  policy making in Mexico had centered on the presidency.  The president almost always was a member of the preceding president's cabinet.  The president almost always was a member of the preceding president's cabinet.

34.  The President is the Head of the United Mexican States, which is the official name of the country.  The current President is Vicente Fox who began his term of office in 2000.  Directly elected by the people  Fixed term of six years. The President cannot be re-elected.  The President appoints a Cabinet of 17 Secretaries, plus a Comptroller General and the Attorney General  President Vicente Fox's administration: Special Coordinators have been appointed for Public Policies, the Citizens Alliance, the Strategic Planning and Regional Development and the National Security Council. Presidential Details

35. Vicente Fox  In 1991 Fox ran for governor  Ran again in 1995 and won after significant electoral reforms.  Ran again in 1995 and won after significant electoral reforms.  In 1997 Amigos de Fox formed - a Mexican-style PAC - to help Fox seek the presidency.  In 1997 Amigos de Fox formed - a Mexican-style PAC - to help Fox seek the presidency.  Fox won the hearts of the Mexican voters. His pragmatic approach steered the conservative party more toward the middle, and even captured PRD support, after PRD became disenchanted with Cardenas.  Fox won the hearts of the Mexican voters. His pragmatic approach steered the conservative party more toward the middle, and even captured PRD support, after PRD became disenchanted with Cardenas.  Goals:  Pluralism  Decentralization  Electoral Reform  Rule of law  Anti-Narcotics

36. THE BUREAUCRACY  Almost 1 1/2 million people work in the federal bureaucracy, most of them in Mexico City.  Almost 1 1/2 million people work in the federal bureaucracy, most of them in Mexico City.  Officials are generally paid very little, but those at high and middle levels have a great deal of power.  Officials are generally paid very little, but those at high and middle levels have a great deal of power.

37. The Legislature  Bicameral  Chamber of Deputies  Senate.  All legislators are directly elected  PRI's grip on the legislature slipped earlier than it did on the presidency.  PRI's grip on the legislature slipped earlier than it did on the presidency.  A competitive multiparty system begins to emerge

38.  Chamber of Deputies and the Senate.  Within Congress, senators and deputies debate and make new laws or change old ones.  Each state is represented by four senators, and the people are represented by deputies (similar to MPs).  Elections for the Chamber of Deputies (500 seats) are held every three years, and for the Senate (128 seats) every six years.

39. The Judiciary  Mexico does not yet have an independent judiciary, nor does it have a system of judicial review.  Mexico does not yet have an independent judiciary, nor does it have a system of judicial review.  Constitution of 1917 is still in effect, it is easily amended and does not have the same level of legitimacy as does the U.S. Constitution.  Federal and state courts  The Supreme Court is the highest federal court, and on paper it has judicial review, but in reality, it almost never overrules an important government action or policy.  The Supreme Court is the highest federal court, and on paper it has judicial review, but in reality, it almost never overrules an important government action or policy.  Historically, then, the courts have been controlled by the executive branch.  Change:  President Zedillo  Vicente Fox has vowed to work for an independent judiciary.

40. The Military  Military generals dominated Mexican politics throughout the 19th century and into the early 20th century.  Military generals dominated Mexican politics throughout the 19th century and into the early 20th century.  Depoliticizing the military  Military has been heavily involved in efforts to combat drug trafficking, and rumors abound about deals struck between military officials and drug barons.  Military has been heavily involved in efforts to combat drug trafficking, and rumors abound about deals struck between military officials and drug barons.

41. The Economy  Standard of living has improved greatly since the 1940s.  Standard of living has improved greatly since the 1940s.  Rates of infant mortality, literacy, and life expectancy have steadily improved.  Rates of infant mortality, literacy, and life expectancy have steadily improved.  Provision of health and education services have expanded, despite severe cutbacks after the economic crisis of 1982.  Provision of health and education services have expanded, despite severe cutbacks after the economic crisis of 1982.  "THE MEXICAN MIRACLE"  Between 1940 and 1960 Mexico's economy grew as a whole by more than 6 percent a year.  Between 1940 and 1960 Mexico's economy grew as a whole by more than 6 percent a year.  Industrial production rose even faster, averaging nearly 9 percent for most of the 1960s.  Industrial production rose even faster, averaging nearly 9 percent for most of the 1960s.  All this growth occurred without much of the inflation that has plagued many other Latin American economies.

42. PROBLEMS  A growing gap between the rich and the poor was a major consequence of the rapid economic growth.  A growing gap between the rich and the poor was a major consequence of the rapid economic growth.  Rapid and unplanned urbanization

43. REFORM  One of the most dramatic economic turnarounds in modern history.  Sharp cuts in government spending  Debt reduction  Privatization  Problems persist today, particularly those of income inequality, urban planning, and pollution.

44. Foreign Policy  Since the mid-1980s, Mexico has entered into many trade agreements and organizations in order to globalize her economy and pay her way out of debt:  GATT/WTO  NAFTA

45. ETHNIC REBELLIONS  Zapatistas  The EZLN (Zapatista National Liberation Front began in 1994 in the southern state of Chiapas in protest to the signing of the NAFTA treaty.  The EZLN (Zapatista National Liberation Front began in 1994 in the southern state of Chiapas in protest to the signing of the NAFTA treaty.   The Zapatista rebellion was based on ethnicity - the Amerindian disaffection for the mestizo, urban-based government.  The Zapatista rebellion was based on ethnicity - the Amerindian disaffection for the mestizo, urban-based government.  It has since spread to other areas and ethnicities, and it represents a major threat to Mexico's political stability.  It has since spread to other areas and ethnicities, and it represents a major threat to Mexico's political stability.

46. Terms to Know  Zedillo  Salinas  Cardenas  Colosio  Porfirio Diaz  Emiliano Zapata  Bracero  Cacique  Camarilla  Capitalinos  Caudillos  Chiapas  CTM  Asymmetrical interdependence  Pendulum theory CorporatismEjidosDemocardura Los Pinos NAFTAMunicipioPRONASOLPANPRDPRIPatron-clientPorfiriatoSexenioTecnicoToltecZapatistasCo-optation Mexico’s miracle Mexican Revolution

47. Discussion Questions  What are the lasting consequences of the Mexican Revolution on contemporary Mexican politics?  Explain the unique characteristics of the office of the President of Mexico.

48. Discussion Questions  Evaluate the term limitation rule of non- reelection for Mexico.  Why was the Chiapas insurgency important?  Explain the significance of Mexico’s efforts at election reform.

49. Discussion Questions  Discuss the control of media and its relevance to the election process.  What are the trade-offs between developing an export led economy and a self-sustaining, subsistence based agricultural economy?

50. Discussion Questions  Discuss the development and rules regarding the separation of church and state in Mexico. Why was there an anti- clerical movement and what role does the church now have in Mexican politics?

51. Discussion Questions  What did Porfirio Diaz mean by the statement: ‘Poor Mexico! So far from God and so close to the United States.’  Compare the nationalization of Mexico’s petroleum and its domestic consequences with that of Nigeria.