1. Chapter 21 Other Organic Compounds 21.1 Functional Groups 21.2 More Classes of Organic Compounds 21.3 Organic Reactions 21.4 Polymers

2. Functional Groups Alcohols are organic compounds that contain one or more hydroxyl groups Alcohols are used as: Fuel additives Soap Cologne Makeup

3. Naming Alcohols-OH Name the longest chain which contains the hydroxyl group Drop –e add –ol (if more than one also add greek prefix i.e. diol) Number the carbons Insert position numbers Punctuate

4. Example

5. Alkyl Halides Organic compounds in which one more more halogen atom are substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon Some of the most widely used organic compounds Teflon CFCs

6. Naming Alkyl Halides -F, Cl Name the longest chain of carbons Add prefixes for attached halides Number the carbon atoms Insert position numbers Punctuate

7. Example

8. Ethers Organic compounds in which two hydrocarbon groups are bonded to the same atom of oxygen Low boiling points Act like alcohols

9. Naming EthersR-O-R’ The word ether will come at the end Used as fuel additives Add the names of the alkyl groups Add prefixes if necessary

10. Example

11. Aldehydes and Ketones Aldehydes – organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to a carbon at the end of a carbon chain Ketones – organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to carbon atoms within the chain

12. Aldehydes and Ketones Uses of Aldehydes Formaldehyde Cinnamaldehyde (cinnamon) Benzaldehyde (nuts) Uses of Ketones Acetone (nail polish remover) Vanillin Raspberry ketone

13. Naming AldehydesR-C=O Name the longest chain which contains the carbonyl group (c=o) Change –e to -al

14. Example

15. Naming KetonesR-C-R’ Name the longest chain that contains the carbonyl group Change –e to –one Number carbons Insert numbers Punctuate O

16. Example

17. Carboxylic Acids-COOH Organic compounds that contain the carboxyl functional group Used for Acids which occur in plants and animals Used to make plastics

18. Naming Carboxylic Acids -COOH Name the longest chain which contains the carboxyl group Drop –e add –oic If more than one add greek prefix (-dioic)

19. Example

20. Esters Organic compounds which carboxylic groups in the the hydrogen has been replaced by an alkyl group Uses Responsible for most flavors and orders

21. Naming EstersR-COO-R’ Name the parent carboxylic acid Change the –oic to –oate Add the alkyl groups Punctuate

22. Example

23. Amines Organic compounds that can be considered to be derivatives of ammonia NH 3 Uses Common as poison secreted by animals Formed during protein breakdown Caffeine, Nicotine, and Morphine

24. Naming Amines R-N-R’ Name the parent hydrocarbon Drop the –e and add –amine Add the names of the alkyl groups

25. Example

26. 21.3 Organic Reactions There are four types of organic reactions Substitution, addition, condensation, and elimination

27. Substitution Reactions On in which one or more atoms replace another atom or group of atoms in a molecule

28. Addition Reactions One in which an atom or molecule is added to an unsaturated molecule and increases the saturation of the molecule

29. Addition Reactions Hydrogenation – one or more hydrogen atoms are added to an unsaturated molecule

30. Condensation Reactions One in which two molecules or parts of the same molecule combine

31. Elimination Reaction On in which a simple molecule, such as water or ammonia, is removed from adjacent carbon atoms of a large molecule

32. 21.4 Polymers Polymer – large molecules made of many small unites joined to each other through organic reactions Monomer – small units that make up polymers Copolymer – a polymer made from two or more different types of monomers

33. Thermal Properties Thermoplastic polymer – melts when heated and can be reshaped many times Thermosetting polymer – does not melt when heated but keeps its original shape

34. Structure Linear – slide back and forth easily when heated (thermoplastic)

35. Structure Branched – contain side chains that prevent the molecules from sliding across each other easily (thermoplastic)

36. Structure Cross linked – adjacent molecules have formed bond with each other (thermoset)

37. Addition Polymers A polymer formed by chain addition reactions between monomers that contain a double bond

38. Addition Polymers

39. Natural v. Synthetic Rubber Natural rubber is produced form the rubber tree Vulcanization- cross linking process between adjacent polyisoprene molecules that occurs when the molecules are heated with sulfur atoms.

40. Natural Rubber

41. Synthetic Rubber

42. Condensation Polymers A polymer formed by condensation reactions (must contain two functional groups) Nylon- most widely used synthetic fiber Discovered in 1935 by Dr. Wallace Carothers

43. Nylon

44. Polyester