1. The Presidency

2. Presidential Basics Unique office Unitary actor Head of Government Head of State Symbolic Function

3. Constitutional Foundations Weaknesses of Articles of Confederation Federalist 70 Maintain Effectiveness by not dividing executive Maintain Effectiveness by not dividing executive Deliberately vague Faith in Washington Faith in Washington

4. Constitutional Foundations Article 2 Section 1- Requirements of holding office At least 35 At least 35 Native Born Citizen Native Born Citizen No religious test No religious test Specifies electoral process Specifies electoral process Article 2 Section 2-Powers Commander in Chief Commander in Chief Make treaties (with consent of senate) Make treaties (with consent of senate) Appointment Appointment Fill Senate Vacancies Fill Senate Vacancies

5. Constitutional Foundations Article 2 Section 2-Powers Commander in Chief Commander in Chief Make treaties (with consent of senate) Make treaties (with consent of senate) Appointment Appointment Fill Senate Vacancies Fill Senate Vacancies Article 2 Section 3- Relations with Congress State of the Union State of the Union Proposal of Legislation Proposal of Legislation Convene and Adjourn Convene and Adjourn Article 2 Section 4- Impeachment 22 nd Amendment- Limits president to 2 terms or 10 years

6. Selecting a President National Constituency Primaries General Election Electoral college Intermediate step Intermediate step Senators plus representatives Senators plus representatives Can lead to popular winner losing election Can lead to popular winner losing election

7. Approaches President Centered Barber’s Typology Energy Energy Attitude Towards life/office Attitude Towards life/office Presidency Centered Focus on situations and institutions Truth Probably a combination

8. History Washington sets precedents 2 terms Whiskey Rebellion Established Cabinet Claimed inherent powers

9. Jefferson Louisiana Purchase Napoleon Little time Inherent powers

10. Jackson First “western” president Common Man Spoils System Nullification

11. Lincoln Civil War National Supremacy Inherent Powers in times of war Overstepped Bounds Suspend Habeas Corpus Suspend Habeas Corpus Expanded Military Expanded Military Limited free Speech Limited free Speech

12. FDR Great Depression New Deal Expansion of Bureaucracy Brownlow Commission Report Executive office of the President Executive office of the President Fireside Chats

13. Formal Presidential Powers Commander in chief of Military Sets foreign policy agenda Cannot commit troops for extended period without congressional approval

14. Commander in Chief Congress Declares War War Powers act 1973 Congress must authorize any operation longer than 60 days Congress must authorize any operation longer than 60 days Never tested Never tested May be unconstitutional May be unconstitutional

15. Veto Power Strike Down Laws proposed by congress Pocket Veto Line Item Veto Veto Override Implicit and explicit power

16. Power to Make Treaties Agreements between nations 2/3 vote of senate Usually ratified

17. Executive Orders Have force of law Do not require congressional action Expire at the end of term May be ruled unconstitutional Supreme power or failure of office?

18. Pardoning Power Restore rights of criminals IndividualsGroups Usually controversial

19. Relations With Other Branches Court- Appoints Justices, enforces decisions Congress- can convene, veto power, can fill vacancies Can suggest policices Can suggest policices OMB driving force behind budget OMB driving force behind budget

20. Impeachment Removal from Office High Crimes and Misdemeanors Majority in house- Articles 2/3 in Senate Andrew Johnson Nixon and Watergate Bill and Monica

21. Executive Office of the President Offices that work most closely with Office of Management and budget White house office Closes aides to the president Closes aides to the president Aid in general decision-making Aid in general decision-making National Security Council Compiles Reports from State, defense, JCS Compiles Reports from State, defense, JCS Can have large role in shaping foreign policy Can have large role in shaping foreign policy

22. Cabinet Close Advisors Heads of major Departments State State Interior Interior Justice Justice Agriculture Agriculture Defense Defense etc etc Can invite anyone else Homeland Security Can be fairly Independent

23. Neustadt and Persuasive power Executive Branch more divided than framers expected Traditional conception of power- A has power over B if A can make B do something B would not have done otherwise. Blunt Force Neustadt- Power as persuasion Changing minds less costly, more powerful

24. Persuasive Power President uniquely able Professional reputation Public support Powers of office

25. Presidential Approval “Do you generally approve of the way ________ is handling his job as president?” Important resource Increased Bargaining Power More successful with congress Success brings success

26. Presidential Approval Character vs. Competence The case of Bill Clinton The case of Jimmy Carter Competence trumps

27. Sources of Approval (or lack thereof) The economy Both current performance and expectations Both current performance and expectations Economy as a whole more important than personal Economy as a whole more important than personal Presidential “drama” War/foreign policy Media Coverage Priming Focusing attention on particular areas Focusing attention on particular areas Can help or hurt overall approval Can help or hurt overall approval

28. Rally Effects The strange case of the Bay of Pigs Rallying around the Flag Iran Hostage Crisis 9/11 Wagging the Dog?

29. Going Public President persuades the public Build support for own programs Congress hesitant to go against strong public opinion More frequent Tips balance of power More popular presidents more effective Long run harm?

30. Agenda Setting Defines what issues are important for politics Media a key source President Responsive to public agenda, real world events President also able to set agenda in some cases State of the Union address Health Care-1994 21% think It is most important Problem 25% of State of the Union 31% think it is most important problem

31. The president and Priming Priming- Changing grounds of evaluation President has incentive to focus attention where is strong Kennedy- Relied Heavily on Polls Emphasis on issues where public agreed with him 2001 State of the Union Address Prior 30% Terrorism Most Important 30% Economy Speech focuses nearly 50% of text on the War on terror Viewers much more likely to base overall evaluations on terrorism Small bump in overall approval