1. Grids Web Services The Global Operating system of the World Its Killer Applications February 28 2005 Geoffrey Fox Community Grids Lab Indiana University gcf@indiana.edu

2. e-Infrastructure e-Infrastructure builds on the inevitable increasing performance of networks and computers linking them together to support new flexible linkages between computers, data systems and people Grids and peer-to-peer networks are the technologies that build e-Infrastructure e-Infrastructure called CyberInfrastructure in USA We imagine a sea of conventional local or global connections supported by the “ordinary Internet” Phones, web page accesses, plane trips, hallway conversations Conventional Internet technology manages billions of broadcast or low (one client to Server) or broadcast links On this we superimpose high value multi-way organizations (linkages) supported by Grids with optimized resources and system support and supporting virtual (electronic) enterprises Low multiplicity fully interactive real-time sessions Resources such as databases supporting (larger) communities

3. A typical Web Service In principle, services can be in any language (Fortran.. Java.. Perl.. Python) and the interfaces can be method calls, Java RMI Messages, CGI Web invocations, totally compiled away (inlining) The simplest implementations involve XML messages (SOAP) and programs written in net friendly languages like Java and Python Payment Credit Card Warehouse Shipping control WSDL interfaces SecurityCatalog Portal Service Web Services

4. Services and Distributed Objects A web service is a computer program running on either the local or remote machine with a set of well defined interfaces (ports) specified in XML (WSDL) Web Services (WS) have many similarities with Distributed Object (DO) technology but there are some (important) technical and religious points (not easy to distinguish) CORBA Java COM are typical DO technologies Agents are typically SOA (Service Oriented Architecture) Both involve distributed entities but Web Services are more loosely coupled WS interact with messages; DO with RPC (Remote Procedure Call) DO have “factories”; WS manage instances internally and interaction- specific state not exposed and hence need not be managed DO have explicit state (statefull services); WS use context in the messages to link interactions (statefull interactions) Claim: DO’s do NOT scale; WS build on experience (with CORBA) and do scale

5. Philosophy of Web Service Grids Much of Distributed Computing was built by natural extensions of computing models developed for sequential machines This leads to the distributed object (DO) model represented by Java and CORBA –RPC (Remote Procedure Call) or RMI (Remote Method Invocation) for Java Key people think this is not a good idea as it scales badly and ties distributed entities together too tightly –Distributed Objects Replaced by Services Note CORBA was considered too complicated in both organization and proposed infrastructure –and Java was considered as “tightly coupled to Sun” –So there were other reasons to discard Thus replace distributed objects by services connected by “one-way” messages and not by request-response messages

6. Web services Web Services build loosely-coupled, distributed applications, (wrapping existing codes and databases) based on the SOA (service oriented architecture) principles. Web Services interact by exchanging messages in SOAP format The contracts for the message exchanges that implement those interactions are described via WSDL interfaces.

7. What is a Grid? You won’t find a clear description of what is Grid and how does differ from a collection of Web Services –I see no essential reason that Grid Services have different requirements than Web Services –Geoffrey Fox, David Walker, e-Science Gap Analysis, June 30 2003. Report UKeS-2003-01, http://www.nesc.ac.uk/technical_papers/UKeS-2003-01/index.html. http://www.nesc.ac.uk/technical_papers/UKeS-2003-01/index.html –Notice “service-building model” is like programming language – very personal! Grids were once defined as “Internet Scale Distributed Computing” but this isn’t good as Grids depend as much if not more on data as well as simulations So Grids can be termed “Internet Scale Distributed Services” and represent a way of collecting services together to solve problems where special features and quality of service needed.

8. Community Resources Grid Community databases have analogy to Television and the News Web that allow individuals to communicate instantly with each other via Web Pages and Headline News acting as proxies N resources deposit information and N can view – Complexity O(N)

9. Large and Small Grids N resources in a community (N is billions for the world and 1000-10000 for many scientific fields) Communities are arranged hierarchically with real work being done in “groups” of M resources – M could be 10-100 in e-Science Metcalfe’s law: value of network grows like square of number of nodes M – we call Grids where this true Metcalfe or M 2 Grids Nature of Interaction depends on size of M or N Shared Information O(N) Complexity Grids for largish N Complexity M 2 Metcalfe Grids for smaller M < N Grids must merge with peer-to-peer networks to support both Complexity O(N) and M 2 Systems

10. M 2 Interactions Superimpose M 2 “Grids” on the sea (heatbath) of O(N) “ordinary” interactions

11. Architecture of (Web Service) Grids Grids built from Web Services communicating through an overlay network built in SOFTWARE on the “ordinary internet” at the application level Grids provide the special quality of service (security, performance, fault-tolerance) and customized services needed for “distributed complex enterprises” We need to work with Web Service community as they debate the 60 or so proposed Web Service specifications Use Web Service Interoperability WS-I as “best practice” Must add further specifications to support high performance Database “Grid Services” for O(N) Community case Streaming support for M 2 case

12. Web Services WS-* Java is very powerful partly due to its many “frameworks” that generalize libraries e.g. –Java Media Framework –Java Database Connectivity JDBC Web Services have a correspondingly collections of specifications that represent critical features of the distributed operating systems for “Grids of Simple Services” –Some 60 active WS-* specifications for areas such as –a.Core Infrastructure Specifications –b.Service Discovery –c.Security –d.Messaging –e.Notification –f.Workflow and Coordination –g.Characteristics –h.Metadata and State –i.User Interfaces

13. A List of Web Services I a) Core Service Architecture XSD XML Schema (W3C Recommendation) V1.0 February 1998, V1.1 February 2004 WSDL 1.1 Web Services Description Language Version 1.1, (W3C note) March 2001 WSDL 2.0 Web Services Description Language Version 2.0, (W3C under development) March 2004 SOAP 1.1 (W3C Note) V1.1 Note May 2000 SOAP 1.2 (W3C Recommendation) June 24 2003 b) Service Discovery UDDI (Broadly Supported OASIS Standard) V3 August 2003 WS-Discovery Web services Dynamic Discovery (Microsoft, BEA, Intel …) February 2004 WS-IL Web Services Inspection Language, (IBM, Microsoft) November 2001

14. A List of Web Services II c) Security SAML Security Assertion Markup Language (OASIS) V1.1 May 2004 XACML eXtensible Access Control Markup Language (OASIS) V1.0 February 2003 WS-Security 2004 Web Services Security: SOAP Message Security (OASIS) Standard March 2004 WS-SecurityPolicy Web Services Security Policy (IBM, Microsoft, RSA, Verisign) Draft December 2002 WS-Trust Web Services Trust Language (BEA, IBM, Microsoft, RSA, Verisign …) May 2004 WS-SecureConversation Web Services Secure Conversation Language (BEA, IBM, Microsoft, RSA, Verisign …) May 2004 WS-Federation Web Services Federation Language (BEA, IBM, Microsoft, RSA, Verisign) July 2003

15. A List of Web Services III d) Messaging WS-Addressing Web Services Addressing (BEA, IBM, Microsoft) March 2004 WS-MessageDelivery Web Services Message Delivery (W3C Submission by Oracle, Sun..) April 2004 WS-Routing and Referral SOAP Routing Protocol (Microsoft) October 2001 WS-RM Web Services Reliable Messaging (BEA, IBM, Microsoft, Tibco) v0.992 March 2004 WS-Reliability Web Services Reliable Messaging (OASIS Web Services Reliable Messaging TC) March 2004 SOAP MOTM SOAP Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism (W3C) June 2004 e) Notification WS-Eventing Web Services Eventing (BEA, Microsoft, TIBCO) January 2004 WS-Notification Framework for Web Services Notification with WS- Topics, WS-BaseNotification, and WS-BrokeredNotification (OASIS) OASIS Web Services Notification TC Set up March 2004 JMS Java Message Service V1.1 March 2002

16. A List of Web Services IV f) Coordination and Workflow, Transactions and Contextualization WS-CAF Web Services Composite Application Framework including WS-CTX, WS-CF and WS-TXM below (OASIS Web Services Composite Application Framework TC) July 2003 WS-CTX Web Services Context (OASIS Web Services Composite Application Framework TC) V1.0 July 2003 WS-CF Web Services Coordination Framework (OASIS Web Services Composite Application Framework TC) V1.0 July 2003 WS-TXM Web Services Transaction Management (OASIS Web Services Composite Application Framework TC) V1.0 July 2003 WS-Coordination Web Services Coordination (BEA, IBM, Microsoft) September 2003 WS-AtomicTransaction Web Services Atomic Transaction (BEA, IBM, Microsoft) September 2003 WS-BusinessActivity Web Services Business Activity Framework (BEA, IBM, Microsoft) January 2004 BTP Business Transaction Protocol (OASIS) May 2002 with V1.0.9.1 May 2004 BPEL Business Process Execution Language for Web Services (OASIS) V1.1 May 2003 WS-Choreography (W3C) V1.0 Working Draft April 2004 WSCI (W3C) Web Service Choreography Interface V1.0 (W3C Note from BEA, Intalio, SAP, Sun, Yahoo) WSCL Web Services Conversation Language (W3C Note) HP March 2002

17. A List of Web Services V h) Metadata and State RDF Resource Description Framework (W3C) Set of recommendations expanded from original February 1999 standard DAML+OIL combining DAML (Darpa Agent Markup Language) and OIL (Ontology Inference Layer) (W3C) Note December 2001 OWL Web Ontology Language (W3C) Recommendation February 2004 WS-DistributedManagement Web Services Distributed Management Framework with MUWS and MOWS below (OASIS) WSDM-MUWS Web Services Distributed Management: Management Using Web Services (OASIS) V0.5 Committee Draft April 2004 WSDM-MOWS Web Services Distributed Management: Management of Web Services (OASIS) V0.5 Committee Draft April 2004 WS-MetadataExchange Web Services Metadata Exchange (BEA,IBM, Microsoft, SAP) March 2004 WS-RF Web Services Resource Framework including WS-ResourceProperties, WS-ResourceLifetime, WS-RenewableReferences, WS-ServiceGroup, and WS-BaseFaults (OASIS) Oasis TC set up April 2004 and V1.1 Framework March 2004 ASAP Asynchronous Service Access Protocol (OASIS) with V1.0 working draft G June 2004 WS-GAF Web Service Grid Application Framework (Arjuna, Newcastle University) August 2003

18. A List of Web Services VI g) General Service Characteristics WS-Policy Web Services Policy Framework (BEA, IBM, Microsoft, SAP) May 2003 WS-PolicyAssertions Web Services Policy Assertions Language (BEA, IBM, Microsoft, SAP) May 2003 WS-Agreement Web Services Agreement Specification (GGF under development) May 2004 i) User Interfaces WSRP Web Services for Remote Portlets (OASIS) OASIS Standard August 2003 JSR168: JSR-000168 Portlet Specification for Java binding (Java Community Process) October 2003

19. A List of Web Services VII j) Recent Updates ………………… WS-Eventing important update of this notification specification with IBM, Sun and others joining Microsoft et al. as authors WS-Enumeration supporting the splitting of a single entity (file or stream) into multiple messages WS-Transfer supporting the creation, update (by get or put) or deletion of a resource WS-Management competes with WS-DM to provide a Web Service to manage resources WS-PolicyAttachment describes how to associate policies with UDDI and Endpoints and how to integrate with WSDL WS-DAI is a Web Service of the OGSA-DAI Grid linkage with databases WS-CIM is a Web Service rendering from DMTF (Distributed Management Task Force) of the industry standard CIM (Common Information Model) of metadata for computer devices The WS-* implicitly define an architecture

20. Peer to Peer Grid Database Peers Peer to Peer GridA democratic organization User Facing Web Service Interfaces Service Facing Web Service Interfaces Event/ Message Brokers

21. Importance of SOAP SOAP defines a very obvious message structure with a header and a body The header contains information used by the “Internet operating system” –Destination, Source, Routing, Context, Sequence Number … The message body is partly further information used by the operating system and partly information for application when it is not looked at by “operating system” except to encrypt, compress it etc. –Note WS-Security supports separate encryption for different parts of a document Much discussion in field revolves around what is referenced in header! –e.g. WSRF adds a lot to header

22. Deployment Issues for “System Services” “System Services” are ones that act before the real application logic of a service They gobble up part of the SOAP header identified by the namespace they care about and possibly part or all of the SOAP body –e.g. the XML elements in header from the WS-RM namespace They return a modified SOAP header and body to next handler in chain WS-RM Handler WS-…….. Handler Header Body e.g. ……. Could be WS-Eventing WS-Transfer ….

23. Messaging Structure Communication Services are messaging (transport protocol, routing) using SOAP protocol Invoke Other Services from Header or Body Messaging Process SOAP Header Body Process SOAP Body Header Customizable Handler Chain processes SOAP Header Service itself

24. Bit level Internet (OSI Stack) Layered Architecture for Web Services and Grids Base Hosting Environment Protocol HTTP FTP DNS … Presentation XDR … Session SSH … Transport TCP UDP … Network IP … Data Link / Physical Service Internet Application Specific Grids Generally Useful Services and Grids Workflow WSFL/BPEL Service Management (“Context etc.”) Service Discovery (UDDI) / Information Service Internet Transport  Protocol Service Interfaces WSDL Service Context Higher Level Services

25. Working up from the Bottom We have the classic (CISCO, Juniper ….) Internet routing the flood of ordinary packets in OSI stack architecture Web Services build the “Service Internet” or IOI (Internet on Internet) with Routing via WS-Addressing not IP header Fault Tolerance (WS-RM not TCP) Security (WS-Security/SecureConversation not IPSec/SSL) Data Transmission by WS-Transfer not HTTP Information Services (UDDI/WS-Context not DNS/Configuration files) At message/web service level and not packet/IP address level Software-based Service Internet possible as computers “fast” Familiar from Peer-to-peer networks and built as a software overlay network defining Grid (analogy is VPN) SOAP Header contains all information needed for the “Service Internet” (Grid Operating System) with SOAP Body containing information for Grid application service

26. Consequences of Rule of the Millisecond Useful to remember critical time scales –1) 0.000001 ms – CPU does a calculation –2a) 0.001 to 0.01 ms – Parallel Computing MPI latency –2b) 0.001 to 0.01 ms – Overhead of a Method Call –3) 1 ms – wake-up a thread or process –4) 10 to 1000 ms – Internet delay 2a), 4) implies geographically distributed metacomputing can’t in general compete with parallel systems 3) << 4) implies a software overlay network is possible without significant overhead –We need to explain why it adds value of course! 2b) versus 3) and 4) describes regions where method and message based programming paradigms important

27. Linking Modules From method based to RPC to message based to event-based publish-subscribe Message Oriented Middleware Module A Module B Method Calls.001 to 1 millisecond Service A Service B Messages 0.1 to 1000 millisecond latency Coarse Grain Service ModelClosely coupled Java/Python … Service BService A Publisher Post Events “Listener” Subscribe to Events Message Queue in the Sky

28. What is a Simple Service? Take any system – it has multiple functionalities –We can implement each functionality as an independent distributed service –Or we can bundle multiple functionalities in a single service Whether functionality is an independent service or one of many method calls into a “glob of software”, we can always make them as Web services by converting interface to WSDL Simple services are gotten by taking functionalities and making as small as possible subject to “rule of millisecond” –Distributed services incur messaging overhead of one (local) to 100’s (far apart) of milliseconds to use message rather than method call –Use scripting or compiled integration of functionalities ONLY when require <1 millisecond interaction latency Apache web site has many projects that are multiple functionalities presented as (Java) globs and NOT (Java) Simple Services –Makes it hard to integrate sharing common security, user profile, file access.. services

29. Grids of Grids of Simple Services Link via methods  messages  streams Services and Grids are linked by messages Internally to service, functionalities are linked by methods A simple service is the smallest Grid We are familiar with method-linked hierarchy Lines of Code  Methods  Objects  Programs  Packages Overlay and Compose Grids of Grids MethodsServicesComponent Grids CPUsClusters Compute Resource Grids MPPs Databases Federated Databases SensorSensor Nets Data Resource Grids

30. Component Grids? So we build collections of Web Services which we package as component Grids –Visualization Grid –Sensor Grid –Utility Computing Grid –Person (Community) Grid –Earthquake Simulation Grid –Control Room Grid –Crisis Management Grid We build bigger Grids by composing component Grids using the Service Internet

31. Critical Infrastructure (CI) Grids built as Grids of Grids Gas Services and Filters Physical Network RegistryMetadata Flood Services and Filters Flood CIGrid Gas CIGrid … Electricity CIGrid … Data Access/Storage SecurityWorkflowNotificationMessaging Portals Visualization GridCollaboration Grid Sensor GridCompute GridGIS Grid Core Grid Services

32. USArray Seismic Sensors

33. a Topography 1 km Stress Change Earthquakes PBO Site-specific Irregular Scalar Measurements Constellations for Plate Boundary-Scale Vector Measurements a a Ice Sheets Volcanoes Long Valley, CA Northridge, CA Hector Mine, CA Greenland

34. Database Analysis and Visualization Portal Repositories Federated Databases Data Filter Services Field Trip Data Streaming Data Sensors ? Discovery Services SERVOGrid Research Simulations ResearchEducation Customization Services From Research to Education Education Grid Computer Farm Geoscience Research and Education Grids GIS Grid Sensor Grid Database Grid Compute Grid

35. CERN LHC Data Analysis Grid