1. The Classroom Teacher and Teaching Grammar

2. What is needed in order for effective grammar teaching? ► Content Knowledge ► Pedagogical knowledge ► Pedagogical content knowledge ► Knowledge of the learners ► Classroom Organisation ► Teacher Personality and characteristics

3. Content Knowledge ► Knowledge about the language (Declarative knowledge) ► Metalinguistic knowledge ► Parts of Speech ► Ability to analyse sentences/texts

4. Pedagogical knowledge ► Knowledge about how people learn in general ► Knowledge about how to teach in general ► Basic skills in teaching

5. Pedagogical content knowledge ► Knowledge about how best to present content knowledge ► Research findings about how people learn ► Processes that are necessary: Attention, noticing, hypothesis testing, input, output, feedback ► Processes that may occur as part of learning: fossilization, overgeneralisation, transfer errors ► How not to teach grammar (see Thornbury, pp. 151-154)

6. Knowledge about Learning Knowledge about Teaching Knowledge about Content Knowledge about learning particular types of content Pedagogical Content Knowledge Knowledge about teaching to particular types of learning Knowledge about teaching particular types of content

7. Some general rules from Thornbury ► Teach grammar in context ► Teach grammar in order to facilitate use, not as an end in itself ► Compromise on presentation time to allow for more time on practice ► Teach only grammar students have problems with ► Provide the right conditions for learning grammar ► Teaching grammar must be done in an appropriate manner

8. Knowledge of the learners ► Thornbury - A-factor (appropriateness); age, proficiency level, language background, interests, attitudes towards language, cultural factors, personality – introvert/extrovert, field dependent/field independent

9. Classroom Organisation ► Thornbury – E-factor (Efficiency=economy, ease and efficacy); ► Group work/activities ► Fairness ► Balance e.g. fluency and accuracy; variety in activities

10. Teacher Personality and characteristics ► What is the ideal teacher? ► Confidence and self-belief ► The teacher as a model ► Professionalism ► Commitment and dedication ► Concern for students learning ► Continued improvement

11. Thank you