1. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Memmler’s The Human Body in Health and Disease 11 th edition Chapter 23 The Male and Female Reproductive Systems

2. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins ReproductionReproduction Asexual (nonsexual) One-celled organisms Divide themselves Sexual Males and females Specialized sex cells (germ cells or gametes) –Male are spermatozoa (sperm cells) –Female are ova (egg cells)

3. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Male reproductive system. Organs of the urinary system are also shown. Zooming In: What four glands empty secretions into the urethra?

4. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Meiosis Cell division process Halves the number of chromosomes in cell Produces gametes Human gametes have 23 chromosomes

5. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 23-1: What is the process of cell division that halves the chromosome number in a cell to produce a gamete?

6. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Male Reproductive System Two groups of organs Primary –Gonads (testes) Accessory –Ducts –Exocrine glands

7. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Testes Located outside the body proper Scrotum Inguinal canal Spermatic cord

8. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Internal Structure Specialized tissue in testis Seminiferous tubules Sustentacular cells Interstitial cells

9. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Testosterone Male sex hormone functions Develops and maintains reproductive structures Develops spermatozoa Develops secondary sex characteristics –Deeper voice –Broader shoulders –Narrower hips –More muscle tissue –More body hair

10. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Spermatozoa Individual cells manufactured in seminiferous tubules Head –Nucleus –Acrosome Midpiece –Mitochondria Tail (flagellum)

11. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question: What is the name of the cells that nourish and protect developing spermatozoa? a. sustentacular cells b. interstitial cells c. testicular cells

12. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer: a. sustentacular cells

13. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 23-2: What is the male gonad? What is the main male sex hormone? Checkpoint 23-3: What is the male sex cell (gamete) called? Checkpoint 23-4: What are the main subdivisions of a spermatozoon?

14. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Accessory Organs System of ducts that transports spermatozoa Tubules Epididymis Ductus deferens (vas deferens) Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct

15. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 23-5: What is the order in which sperm cells travel through the ducts of the male reproductive system?

16. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Semen Mixture of sperm and secretions from various organs Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Bulbourethral glands (Cowper glands) Functions: –Nourish spermatozoa –Transport spermatozoa –Neutralize acidity of male urethra and female vagina –Lubricate reproductive tract during intercourse –Prevent infection with antibacterial enzymes and antibodies

17. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 23-6: What glands, aside from the testis, contribute secretions to semen?

18. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Urethra and Penis Urethra Carries urine from bladder Carries reproductive cells outside body Penis Corpus spongiosum Corpus cavernosum Glans penis Prepuce (foreskin)

19. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Ejaculation Reflex centers in spinal cord initiate process Smooth muscle contraction in prostate Skeletal muscle contraction in pelvic floor Forceful expulsion of semen through urethra to outside

20. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Hormonal Control of Male Reproduction Anterior pituitary produces hormones that control testes Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) –Promotes spermatozoa formation Luteinizing hormone (LH) –Stimulates testosterone development –Aids sperm cell development

21. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 23-7: What two pituitary hormones regulate both male and female reproduction?

22. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question: What is the anatomic name for the foreskin of the penis? a. acrosome b. corpus cavernosum c. prepuce

23. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer: c. prepuce

24. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Effects of Aging on Male Reproduction Decreasing Testosterone production Spermatozoa production Prostate secretions Seminal vesicle secretions

25. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Disorders of the Male Reproductive System Infertility –Sterility Oligospermia (tubule damage) –X-rays –Infections –Toxins –Malnutrition Vasectomy

26. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Structural Disorders Cryptorchidism Torsion of testis Hernia Phimosis

27. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Infections Sexually transmitted infection (STI) spread through sexual contact –Chlamydia –Gonorrhea –Genital herpes –Syphilis Epididymitis Prostatitis Orchitis

28. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 23-8: What are some infectious diseases of the reproductive tract?

29. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Tumors Prostate tumors –Can be benign or malignant –Most common cancer of males in U.S. Testicular tumors

30. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Female Reproductive System Ovaries (female gonads) Uterus Passageways –Oviduct (fallopian tube or uterine tube) External genital organs

31. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Female reproductive system. The enlargement (right) shows ovulation. Zooming In: What is the deepest part of the uterus called?

32. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Ovaries Located in pelvic abdomen Held by ligaments Attached to uterus and body wall

33. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Ova and Ovulation Ovarian follicle (graafian follicle) –Holds ripening ova –Secretes estrogen –Ruptures to discharge egg cell (ovulation) Oviduct –Tube that leads to uterus

34. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 23-9: What is the female gonad called? Checkpoint 23-10: What is the female gamete called?

35. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question: What is the name of the passageway the ovum travels through to get to the uterus? a. oviduct b. cervical canal c. ovarian ligament

36. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer: a. oviduct (also known as the fallopian tube or uterine tube)

37. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Corpus Luteum Formed from remains of follicle after ovum is expelled Secretes estrogen and progesterone Usually shrinks and is replaced by scar tissue Remains active during pregnancy

38. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 23-11: What is the structure that surrounds the egg as it ripens? Checkpoint 23-12: What is the process of releasing an egg cell from the ovary called?

39. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Accessory Organs In females Oviducts Uterus Vagina Greater vestibular glands Vulva and perineum

40. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Oviducts Extend from near ovary to uterus Not connected to ovary Fimbriae produce current that sweeps ova into oviduct Cilia in tube lining and peristalsis of tube move ova

41. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 23-13: What does the follicle become after ovulation?

42. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Uterus Organ where fetus develops to maturity Corpus –Body Cervix –Neck Fundus Supporting ligaments Myometrium –Muscular wall Endometrium –Specialized epithelium lining

43. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 23-14: In what organ does a fetus develop?

44. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Vagina Distal part of birth canal that opens to outside of body Fornix –Posterior fornix Cul-de-sac (rectouterine pouch or pouch of Douglas) Hymen Greater vestibular (Bartholin) glands

45. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Female reproductive system (sagittal section). This view shows the relationship of the reproductive organs to each other and to other structures in the pelvic cavity. Zooming In: Which has the more anterior opening, the vagina or the urethra?

46. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Vulva and the Perineum External parts of female reproductive system Vulva –Labia Clitoris Related structures Obstetrical perineum

47. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Menstrual Cycle Controlled by pituitary hormones regulated by hypothalamus Cyclic pattern Regulated by hormonal feedback Averages 28 days

48. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Beginning of the Cycle Several follicles in ovary begin to develop Increased production of estrogen –Thickens endometrium –Elongates uterine secretion glands –Inhibits release of FSH –Stimulates pituitary to release LH

49. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Ovulation LH surge in blood –Causes ovulation –Transforms ruptured follicle into corpus luteum that produces estrogen and progesterone Endometrium thickens Glands and blood vessels increase in size FSH and LH are inhibited

50. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 23-15: What are the two hormones produced in the ovaries?

51. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question: At the beginning of the menstrual cycle, which hormone stimulates the thickening of the endometrium and stimulates release of LH? a. oxytocin b. FSH c. estrogen

52. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer: c. estrogen

53. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins The Menstrual Phase If ovum is not fertilized, corpus luteum degenerates –Estrogen, progesterone levels decrease Endometrium degenerates, produces menstrual flow Endometrium begins to repair itself FSH released from anterior pituitary

54. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins MenopauseMenopause Menstruation ceases Normal ovarian function declines –Follicles stop ripening –No appreciable amounts of estrogen produced Uterus, oviducts, vagina, vulva become somewhat atrophied Vaginal mucosa becomes thinner, dryer, more sensitive

55. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Hormone Replacement Therapy Combination of estrogen with synthetic progesterone prescribed to relieve menopause discomfort Increases breast cancer risk Increases thrombosis and embolism risk Risks increase with duration of therapy

56. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 23-16: What is the definition of menopause?

57. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Birth Control Hormonal methods for women –Male contraceptive pill still under investigation Barrier methods Mifepristone (RU486) (morning-after pill for emergency contraception Fertility awareness

58. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Checkpoint 23-17: What is the definition of contraception?

59. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Question: Which of the following is NOT a barrier form of birth control? a. diaphragm b. vasectomy c. IUD

60. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Answer: b. vasectomy (surgical method)

61. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Disorders of the Female Reproductive System Disorders that can contribute to infertility Menstrual disturbances Tumors Infections

62. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Menstrual Disorders Amenorrhea — absence of menstrual flow Dysmenorrhea — painful or difficult menstruation Abnormal uterine bleeding Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) Endometriosis

63. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Benign and Malignant Tumors Fibroids Breast cancer –Mammogram to detect Endometrial cancer Ovarian cancer Cervical cancer –Linked with human papillomavirus –Papanicolaou test to detect

64. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Infections STIs –Chlamydia –Gonorrhea –HIV and genital herpes –Syphilis –Genital warts –Salpingitis –Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

65. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Pathway of infection. Disease organisms can travel from outside to the peritoneum and into the urinary system.

66. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Infertility More difficult to diagnose and evaluate in female Infections Endocrine disorders Psychogenic factors Abnormal structure and function of reproductive organs

67. Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins End of Presentation