1. CHAPTER 19: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS
19.1 INTRODUCTION
Produce and nurture sex cells.
Transport them to sites of fertilization.
Male sex cells: sperm
Female sex cells: eggs/oocytes
Sex cells: haploid 23 chromosomes
Secrete hormones that develop and maintain sex characteristics and regulation of reproductive physiology.

2. 19.2 ORGANS OF THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Gonad/testes: primary sex organs; where sperm cells and male sex hormones form.
Accessory sex organs: internal and external reproductive organs.

4. TESTES
Ovoid structures about 5 centimeters in length and 3 centimeters in diameter.
Both testes are within the cavity of the saclike scrotum.
STRUCTURE OF THE TESTES
Tough, white, fibrous capsule encloses each testis.
Posterior border, the connective tissue thickens and extends into the testis, forming thin septa that divide the testis into 250 lobules.

5. Each lobule contains one to four highly coiled, convoluted seminiferous tubules. (70 cm. long uncoiled)
Unite posteriorly and unite to form a network of channels.

6. Channels give rise to several ducts that join a tube called the epididymis.
Epididymis coils on the outer surface of the testis and continues to become the vas deferens. Pg. 492

7. Spermatogenic cells: specialized stratified epithelium that give rise to sperm cells, lines the seminiferous tubules.
Interstitial cells (cells of Leydig): lie in the spaces between the seminiferous tubules; produce and secrete male sex hormones.
Epithelial cells could give rise to testicular cancer.
Symptoms: first painless testis enlargement or a scrotal mass that attaches to a testis.

8. FORMATION OF SPERM CELLS
Sertoli cells (supporting cells) and spermatogenic cells: cells of the epithelium of the seminiferous tubules.
Supporting cells provide a scaffolding for the spermatogenic cells, and also nourish and regulate them.

9. Males produce sperm cells continually throughout their reproductive lives.
Sperm cells collect in the lumen of each seminiferous tubule.
Then pass to the epididymis, where they accumulate and mature.

10. A mature sperm cell is a tiny, tadpole-shaped structure about 0
A mature sperm cell is a tiny, tadpole-shaped structure about 0.06mm long.
Flattened head, cylindrical midpiece (body), and an elongated tail.
Head: nucleus and, compacted chromatin, protrusion at its anterior end, called the acrosome, contains enzymes that help the sperm cell penetrate an egg cell during fertilization.

11. Midpiece of a sperm cell has a central, filamentous core and many mitochondria in a spiral.
Tail (flagellum)
Mitochondria provide ATP for the tail’s lashing movement.

12. SPERMATOGENESIS
Formation of sperm cells.
In a male embryo, spermatogenic cells are undifferentiated, called spermatogonia.
Contains 46 chromosomes in its nucleus.
During embryonic development, hormones stimulate spermatogonia to undergo mitosis and some of them enlarge to become primary spermatocytes.
Supporting cells help sustain the developing sperm cells.

13. PUBERTY
Primary spermatocytes then reproduce by a special type of cell division call meiosis.
Different combination in each sperm.
Haploid
Each primary spermatocyte divides to form two secondary spermatocytes.
Each of these cells divide into two spermatids.
Spermatids mature into sperm cells.

15. Video / quiz

16. MALE INTERNAL ACCESSORY ORGANS
Nurture and transport sperm cells.
Structures:
Epididymides
Vasa deferentia
Ejaculatory ducts
Urethra
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands

17. EPIDIDYMIS (epi - did - i-mis)
Tightly coiled, threadlike tube about 6 meters long.
Connected to ducts within the testis.
Emerges from the top of the testis.
Descends along the posterior surface of the testis, and then courses upward to become the vas deferens.

18. Immature sperm cells reaching the epididymis are nonmotile.
Rhythmic peristaltic contractions help move these cells through the epididymis, the cells mature.
Have potential to move independently but do not “swim” until ejaculation.

19. VAS DEFERENS (vas def er enz)
Muscular tube about 45 cm.
Passes upward along the medial side of a testis and through a passage in the lower abdominal wall.
Enters the pelvic cavity
Ends behind the urinary bladder.
Unites with the duct of the seminal vesicle to form an ejaculatory duct.
Passes through the prostate gland and empties into the urethra.

20. SEMINAL VESICLE
Convoluted, saclike structure about 5 cm long that is attached to the vas deferens near the base of the urinary bladder.
Glandular tissue lines the inner wall of the seminal vesicle and secretes a slightly alkaline fluid.

21. Fluid helps regulate the pH of the tubular contents as sperm cells travel to the outside.
Seminal vesicle secretions also contain fructose, provides energy to sperm cells.
Prostaglandins, stimulate muscular contractions within the female reproductive organs, aiding the movement of sperm cells toward the egg cell.

22. PROSTATE GLAND
Chestnut-shaped structure (4cm long and 3cm thick).
Surrounds the proximal portion of the urethra, inferior to the bladder.
Tubular glands, ducts open into the urethra.
Secretes a thin, milky fluid with an alkaline pH.
Neutralizes the fluid containing sperm cells, which is acidic due to the presence of metabolic wastes that stored sperm cells produce.
Fluid enhances motility of sperm cells and helps neutralize the acidic secretions of the vagina.

23. BULBOURETHRAL GLANDS
1 cm in diameter, inferior to prostate gland, within muscle fibers of the external urethral sphincter.
Secretes lubrication during intercourse.

24. SEMEN
Sperm cells
Secretions from seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands.
pH 7.5
Prostaglandins
Nutrients
Average number of sperm cells in the fluid is about 120 million per mL.
Volume 2 to 5 mL

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26. MALE EXTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
SCROTUM
Protects and regulate the temperature of the testes.
PENIS
Three columns of tissue
Corpora cavernosa
Corpus spongiosum: glans penis
Subcutaneous tissue
Prepuce (foreskin)

27. ERECTION, ORGASM, AND EJACULATION
Spinal cord release the vasodilator nitric oxide that dilate the arteries leading into the penis.
Movement of semen through the urethra

28. 19.3 HORMONAL CONTROL OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS
Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and testes secrete hormones that control male reproductive functions.
Initiate and maintain sperm cell production and oversee the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics.

29. HYPOTHALAMIC AND PITUITARY HORMONES
Secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
Enters blood vessels leading to the anterior pituitary gland.
In response, the anterior pituitary secretes the gonadotropins called luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
Promotes development of testicular interstitial cells, secrete male sex hormones.
FSH stimulates the supporting cells of the seminiferous tubules to respond to the effects of the male sex hormone testosterone.

30. These hormones stimulate spermatogenic cells to undergo spermatogenesis, giving rise to sperm cells.
Supporting cells secrete inhibin hormone which inhibits the anterior pituitary gland by negative feedback, prevents oversecretion of FSH.

31. MALE SEX HORMONES
Androgens: male sex hormones
Adrenal cortex synthesize small amounts but testicular interstitial cells produce most of them.
Testosterone: most abundant hormone
Secretion begins during fetal development and continues for several weeks following birth; then nearly ceases during childhood.
Between 13 and 15 a young man’s androgen production usually increases rapidly.
Puberty, after this testosterone secretion continues throughout the life of a male.

32. ACTIONS OF TESTOSTERONE
increased growth of body hair, sometimes hair growth on the scalp slows.
Englargement of the larynx and thickening of the vocal folds.
Thickening of the skin.
Increased muscular growth, broadening of the shoulders, and narrowing of the waist.
Thickening and strengthening of the bones.

33. Also increases the rate of cellular metabolism and RBC production.

34. REGULATION OF MALE SEX HORMONES
Negative feedback system involving the hypothalamus regulates testosterone output.
An increasing blood testosterone concentration inhibits the hypothalamus, and its stimulation of the anterior pituitary gland by GnRH decreases.
As the pituitary’s secretion of LH (ICSH) falls in response, the amount of testosterone the interstitial cells release decreases.

35. As the blood testosterone concentration drops the hypothalamus becomes less inhibited, and it once again stimulates the anterior pituitary to release LH.
Then in turn causes interstitial cells to release more testosterone.

36. 19.4 ORGANS OF THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Maintain and produce sex cells.
Transport these cells to the site of fertilization.
Provide a favorable environment for a developing offspring.
Move the offspring to the outside.
Produce sex hormones

38. OVARIES
Solid ovoid structures.
3.5 cm long and 2 cm wide and 1 cm thick.
Lie in shallow depressions in the lateral wall of the pelvic cavity.

39. OVARY STRUCTURE
Inner medulla and outer cortex.
Ovarian medulla is composed of loose connective tissue and contains many blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers.
Ovarian follicles

40. PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES
During prenatal development of a female small groups of cells in the outer region of the ovarian cortex form several million primordial follicles.
Large cell, primary oocyte, surrounded by epithelial cells called follicular cells.
Early development: primary oocytes begin to undergo meiosis, but the process soon halts and does not continue until the individual reaches puberty.

41. Once the primordial follicles appear, no new ones form.
The number of oocytes in the ovary steadily declines as many degenerate.
Around 400,000 are present at puberty.
The ovary releases fewer than 400 or 500 oocytes during a female’s reproductive life.

42. OOGENESIS
Egg cell formation.
Beginning at puberty.
When a primary oocyte divides the distribution of the cytoplasm is unequal.
One of the resulting cells (secondary oocyte) is large and the other is called the first polar body is small.
The large secondary oocyte can be fertilized . Upon fertilization the secondary oocyte divides unequally to produce a tiny second polar body and a large fertilized egg cell called a zygote.

43. The polar bodies degenerate.
Their role in reproduction is to concentrate the bulk of the cytoplasm, nutrients, and organelles from the four meiotic products into one cell.
The zygote and early embryo require this boost.

45. Homework
Pg. 519
Ques: 1,2,4-7,9,13,14,16,17,18

46. FOLLICLE MATURATION
Anterior pituitary gland secretes increased amts. Of FSH, and the ovaries enlarge in response (puberty).
Primordial follicles mature into primary follicles.
Primary oocyte enlarges, and surrounding follicular cells proliferate by mitosis.
Follicular cells organize into layers, and soon a cavity appears in the cellular mass. (antrum)

47. Clear folicular fluid fills the cavity and bathes the primary oocyte.
The fluid-filled cavity presses the primary oocyte to one side.
Mature follicle reaches a diameter of 10mm or more and bulges outward ont eh ovary surface like a blister.
Secondary oocyte is a large, spherical cell, surrounded by a layer of glycoprotein called the zona pellucida and attached to a mantle of follicular cells (corona radiata)

48. Follicular cells extend through the zona pellucida and supply the secondary oocyte with nutrients.

49. Summary of Follicle maturation.

50. OVULATION
When a follicle matures, its primary oocyte undergoes oogenesis, giving rise to a secondary oocyte and a first polar body.
Ovulation: releases the secondary oocyte and first polar body with one or two surrounding layers of follicular cells from the mature follicle.

51. Hormones from the anterior pituitary gland trigger ovulation.
Swelling the mature folicle and weakening its wall.
Wall ruptures, and follicular fluid and the secondary oocyte ooze from the ovary’s surface.
The secondary oocyte and surrounding follicular cells are propelled to the opening of a nearby uterine tube. If the oocyte is not fertilized it degenerates.

52. FEMALE INTERNAL ACCESSORY ORGANS
Pair of uterine tubes
Uterus
vagina

53. UTERINE TUBES
Fallopian tubes or oviducts
Open near the ovaries
10cm long and passes medially to the uterus.
Opens into uterine cavity
Uterine tube expands into a funnel-shape called infundibulum near each ovary.
Fingerlike extensions called fimbriae fringe the infundibulum margin.
One finger-like extension connects to ovary.

54. Epithelial cells line the uterine tube, some ciliated.
Secrete mucus
Cilia beat toward the uterus
Help move secondary oocyte into uterus.

55. UTERUS
Ovum: fertilized secondary oocyte.
Uterus receives ovum.
Hollow muscular organ.
7cm long, 5 cm wide, 2.5 cm diameter.
Bends forward over the bladder.
Lower third of uterus is called the cervix.
Cervical orifice --- vagina

56. Uterine wall is thick and has three layers
Endometrium: inner mucosal layer
Myometrium: thick middle muscular layer
Perimetrium: outer serosal layer
During pregnancy, the uterus expands to 500 times its normal size.

57. Fibromuscular tube, 9cm long Uterus to outside
VAGINA
Fibromuscular tube, 9cm long
Uterus to outside
Hymen: squamous epithelium partially covers vaginal orifice.
Vaginal wall has 3 layers:
Mucosal layer: does not contain mucous
Muscular layer
Fibrous layer

58. FEMALE EXTERNAL REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS Labia majora: protection
Labia minora: flattened longitudinal folds between the labia majora
Clitoris: between labia minora, small projection; erectile tissue called corpora cavernosa, nerve fibers.
Vestibule: enclosed in labia minora
Vestibular glands: (corresponds with bulbourethral glands) secrete mucous
Vestibular bulb: beneath the mucosa of the bestibule

60. 19.5 HORMONAL CONTROL OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE FUNCTIONS
Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and ovaries.
Hypothalamus begins to secrete GnRH, then anterior pituitary is stimulated to release the gonadotropins FSH and LH.
Hormones control female sex cell maturation and sex hormone production.

61. Estrogens (estradiol, estrone, and estriol) and progesterone
Estradiol: most abundant of the estrogens.
Estrogen stimulates enlargement of accessory organs.
Estrogens develop and maintain the female secondary sex characteristics:
Development of breasts and ductile system of the mammary glands.
Increased deposition of adipose tissue in the subcutaneous layer in breasts, thighs, and buttocks.
Increased vascularization of the skin.

62. Progesterone produces in ovaries.
Regulate the secretion of gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary.

63. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE
Begin around age 13 and continue into middle age then stop.
First reproductive cycle: menarche (me-nar-ke)
Increase concentration of estrogens during the first week of reproductive cycle changes the uterine lining, thickening the glandular endometrium.